HƯỚNG DẪN KỸ THUẬT FOREHAND HIỆN ĐẠI: TỪ CHÂN ĐẾN VỢT

Để có một cú Forehand mạnh và ổn định, người chơi cần nắm vững 5 trụ cột cốt lõi dựa trên nguyên lý Chuỗi động lực (Kinetic Chain) – nơi lực được sinh ra từ mặt đất và truyền qua toàn bộ cơ thể trước khi chạm vào bóng.

1. Chuẩn bị: Unit Turn và Nạp năng lượng từ chân

Tennis là môn thể thao đánh bằng chân. Lực cú forehand không bắt đầu từ tay mà bắt đầu từ mặt đất.

  • Unit Turn (Xoay cả khối): Ngay khi xác định bóng, hãy xoay cả vai và hông cùng lúc. Đừng chỉ kéo tay về phía sau; hãy để tay không thuận hỗ trợ đưa vợt ra sau, tạo thành một khối thống nhất.
  • Nạp năng lượng (Loading): Dồn trọng tâm vào chân trụ (chân phải với người thuận tay phải). Lúc này, chân như một chiếc lò xo đang nén lại. Nếu bạn chỉ đánh bằng tay/vai, bạn đang bỏ phí 70% sức mạnh tiềm tàng từ hông và chân.
  • So sánh: Hãy tưởng tượng vận động viên quăng tạ xích. Họ phải xoay chân và hông trước vì quả tạ quá nặng để ném bằng cơ tay. Vợt tennis tuy nhẹ, nhưng để tạo ra tốc độ bóng lớn, bạn phải dùng “động cơ” là đôi chân.

2. Xoay người và Chuyển dịch trọng tâm

Nếu chỉ bật chân thôi thì chưa đủ, bạn cần chuyển hóa lực đứng thành lực lao về phía trước.

  • Chuyển hướng lực: Khác với ném tạ, cú forehand cần đưa bóng từ dưới lên và sang ngang. Khi chân ngoài (chân phải) bật ra, nó phải kích hoạt vòng xoay của hông và vai.
  • Vai trò tay không thuận: Tay trái (với người thuận tay phải) đóng vai trò cực kỳ quan trọng. Hãy dùng nó để chỉ hướng bóng, sau đó chủ động thu tay về phía bụng khi xoay người để giúp cơ thể xoay nhanh hơn và giữ thăng bằng.
  • Lao về phía trước: Giống như hành động ném lao, phản ứng tự nhiên sau khi xoay là cơ thể lao tới. Lúc này, chân trái sẽ đóng vai trò trụ chặn để giữ cân bằng, giúp trọng lượng dồn từ phải sang trái một cách mượt mà.

3. Điểm tiếp xúc và Quỹ đạo vung vợt (Up & Forward)

Kỹ thuật hiện đại đòi hỏi sự cân bằng giữa lực đi tới (Power) và độ xoáy (Spin).

  • Điểm tiếp xúc (Contact Point): Đây là mấu chốt. Bạn phải tiếp bóng ở phía trước cơ thể. Nếu tiếp bóng muộn (ngang người hoặc sau người), toàn bộ chuỗi động lực từ chân sẽ bị gãy, buộc bạn phải dùng cổ tay để “vẩy”, dễ gây chấn thương.
  • Góc đánh 15 – 45 độ:
    • Nếu vung vợt quá dốc (>45 độ): Bóng sẽ rất xoáy nhưng “mỏng”, thiếu lực xuyên thấu.
    • Nếu vung vợt quá ngang (<15 độ): Bóng đi “dày”, mạnh nhưng dễ rúc lưới hoặc ra ngoài vì thiếu xoáy để kéo bóng xuống.
  • Thả lỏng cánh tay: Cánh tay chỉ là sợi dây truyền tải lực. Khi sợ bóng ra ngoài, người chơi thường gồng cứng tay. Hành động này giống như bạn bóp nghẹt dòng chảy của lực. Hãy để cánh tay thả lỏng như một sợi roi da để đạt tốc độ đầu vợt cao nhất.

4. Kỹ thuật “Ghị – Mở – Cụp” (Pronation & Forearm Rotation)

Đây là giai đoạn tinh vi nhất ở cổ tay và cẳng tay để tạo ra cú đánh hiện đại.

  • Ghị (Rotation): Trước khi tiếp xúc, cổ tay thả lỏng để đầu vợt rơi xuống thấp hơn bóng (tạo hình chữ L giữa cẳng tay và cán vợt). Động tác này giống như bạn đang đưa tay lên “vuốt tóc”.
  • Mở (Contact): Tại thời điểm tiếp xúc, mặt vợt phải vuông góc với mặt đất. Nếu mở quá (ngửa) bóng bay lên trời, đóng quá bóng vào lưới.
  • Cụp (Roll/Pronation): Đây là chuyển động sấp cẳng tay (giống như hành động phủi bụi trên bàn hoặc gạt nước ô tô).
    • Lưu ý quan trọng: Chuyển động này đến từ xoay cẳng tay, không phải bẻ gập cổ tay. Việc “cụp” giúp hãm lực vung quá đà và tạo ra vòng xoáy cắm (topspin) cực lớn. Đây là mấu chốt của cú forehand hiện đại.

5. Giữ đầu ổn định (Head Still)

Một chi tiết nhỏ nhưng quyết định sự ổn định:

  • Trong suốt quá trình từ lúc “Ghị” đến khi bóng rời mặt vợt, hãy giữ đầu đứng yên và mắt nhìn chằm chằm vào điểm tiếp xúc.
  • Việc vội vàng nhìn theo bóng sẽ làm vai bị nhấc lên sớm, gây lệch quỹ đạo vung tay và làm mất đi sự chính xác của chuỗi động lực.

Tóm lại: Một cú Forehand hoàn hảo là sự kết hợp của việc Nạp lực từ chân, Xoay người đồng bộ, Tiếp bóng phía trước với một cánh tay Thả lỏng và kết thúc bằng động tác Sấp cẳng tay (Cụp) đầy uy lực.

Poetry and We Who Don’t Make Poetry– Ly Doi

1.

Initially, I felt quite nauseated whenever I heard “young poetry” mentioned, and those Northern literati, the critics wielding their pens, would drone on about Nguyễn Hữu Hồng Minh, Phan Huyền Thư, Văn Cầm Hải, Vi Thùy Linh… and at most, Nguyễn Quyến, Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến. I (and even one or two of those praised) didn’t understand why, truly didn’t understand, because young Vietnamese poetry – the part that is moving, is so much more than that. And this existing part is not at all unfamiliar to the knowledge of those literati.

But when I took a moment to look back, I realized my nausea and surprise were indeed ill-mannered and unreasonable. Because familiar or unfamiliar, that doesn’t solve the problem. The problem of Vietnamese poetry in Saigon, for instance, is a different problem, a different phenomenon; therefore, it requires a different way of thinking. I invite you to try reading a poem by Bùi Chát:

Garish Red Flower Season

Under the flower color like a burning, thirsty-for-drink fire
I held your hand, walking along the deserted road
Only the buzzing cicadas wouldn’t let the summer noon be quiet
Wouldn’t let our hearts be at peace
I was engrossed in a distant cloud color
In a sail flying past a tiny window
In the miraculous beauty of days gone by
You sang an old, stale verse
The infatuation of a thieving maiden’s youth
Every red flower season returning home
Flowers falling like rain, dropping
Thin, fragile petals scattered, brightly beautiful
Like blood gushing from a youthful time
Flowers falling like rain, dropping
Like the foolish, naive days of yore
We looked deep into each other’s eyes, pig-like
And felt our hearts ache
In your little verse
I am not present, face-wise
The verse sings of a time of passionate, real love
I am not sad, only regretful
You didn’t live through all the intoxicating days
Flowers kept falling boisterously like young manhood
Not letting anyone feel cold and withered
Flowers placed a crimson streak in our hearts
Like a scratch on the liver-heart

After the song, you fell silent
That silence radiant with the garish red flower color
I knew I was meaningless walking beside you, youngest one
After the song, you were like exercise
You of the red flower season of yore
After the song, I was also the world
I of the young manhood of that past time

Clearly, this is “Thời hoa đỏ” (Red Flower Season) by the poet Thanh Tùng, a model of Vietnamese poetry of that era. Bùi Chát simply added a final word to each line in a colloquial manner. “Thời hoa đỏ lè” (Garish Red Flower Season) is a colloquial phrase: “đỏ lè” (garish red), “đỏ rực” (flaming red), “đỏ chót” (bright red), or “đỏ chói” (blinding red) are all similar. So, is this still Thanh Tùng’s poem? Certainly not, it is a mutated, distorted, altered, whatever-you-call-it poem, and the one responsible for this (many call it plagiarism) is Bùi Chát. This poet signed his name to it, openly plagiarizing, so the new poem must be his. Thanh Tùng surely no longer thinks the poem with the added final words is his own.

We (the young writers in Saigon) call this technique “pastiche” – parody, installation-assembly. Similar to the “collage” technique that Dada used with cut-and-torn paintings and synthetic paper art. Or it could also be called “coercion.” Thanh Tùng’s poem has been coerced by Bùi Chát. (Like how Postmodernism rapes Modernism). So, where is the creativity? Creativity lies precisely at the threshold of the action of the coercer and the coerced. One phenomenon coerces another but does not deny or replace it; after being born, both coexist in a winding way; birds of a feather, but they cannot stand each other, cannot share a boat, cannot swim in the same pond, even without enmity or competition.

From the perspective of those under the pressure of old concepts and aesthetic systems (specifically, those of Modernism or Romanticism), this is certainly not poetry. Because it lacks creativity – creativity as they understand it, which is to produce something (let’s say) relatively non-repetitive, to create something new, if possible: entirely new. But for heaven’s sake, what the hell is new? We don’t want to be dependent on the frame of reference of those concepts; poetry often ceases to be about creativity in the aforementioned sense. Poetry is often just about provocation, a bit of humor, a cognitive shock, even a joke at a drinking table, no less nonsensical.

Let’s briefly revisit history. Romanticism always sought to tell a story with a specific origin (characters, space, time very clear). This was the first requirement and also the dominant factor distinguishing Romanticism from other movements. Modernism often created a shock in reading, rarely conveyed experience, and tried to hide the story, the deeper the better. Surrealism or Avant-garde is a very specific example of trying to hide the story. What we might call Postmodernism, on the other hand, always tries to transform the story in a different direction, towards the storyteller, even if it’s a fairly common, one-sided story, but it creates a cognitive shock. “Thời hoa đỏ lè” is a way of transforming a story, and there has never been such a way of making poetry before. Many people are shocked when a poem (in their view) has been distorted. But in reality, there is no distortion; “Thời hoa đỏ” still sits and will sit where it has sat; history has/is delineating its story. Therefore, “Thời hoa đỏ lè” is a different kind, a different phenomenon. It requires a different understanding, stemming from itself.

We are not doing anything too sophisticated, too vulgar, or too eccentric, because we still believe that alongside the mainstream aesthetic current, another kind of poetry has/is existing – our poetry/our aesthetic, the aesthetic of those engrossed in making poetry, not of critics or moralists, ethicists, or sociologists. In the past, Hồ Xuân Hương, or much later, Trần Dần… also made a different kind of poetry (even Vũ Trọng Phụng made a different kind of novel), different from the common desire their era needed. They did not make poetry, in the eyes of their contemporaries. But it’s not certain that they wanted to create something for the future; they only created for themselves, to “satisfy” their own path. And you, our contemporaries, do not see us (whether we need you or not), because you keep thinking that we are not making poetry. That’s it, that’s enough to close off your perception forever, until you go to your grave. Compared to your aesthetic, within your aesthetic, we stopped making poetry long ago. But we are still doing it, and an increasing number of young writers are making poetry not as you wish; more accurately, they are no longer making poetry in the way of thinking that is old, rotten, and infantile, and often belongs to no one, even if you try desperately to cling to it. To put it simply, the young ones (as you call them) are making the “old enemies” wonder if they are going down the path they want. And if they happen to go wrong, who dies? Who can judge what is wrong in art?

People like Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (a writer and avid poetry reader) reading Phan Huyền Thư’s poetry would stick out their tongues and pee in their pants, not because they lacked enthusiasm to “support the new, the different, the young”; but because their aesthetic perception only reached that far, a threshold that knowledge and age are very reluctant, very difficult to cross; hitting a wall, and they dig in. They, like each of us (we will probably be the same later), are old, blind fortune-tellers examining an elephant; throughout the history of human perception and even in a diverse, colorful present, we only touch a part and we always believe the part we touch. As for Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (NHT) saying Vietnamese poets and writers are this and that, ignorant and somewhat anti-movement, it’s not entirely wrong; NHT’s only mistake and weakness is his lack of technical skill in speaking, a bit clumsy. In general, regarding his ability to write critical essays, Nguyễn Huy Thiệp appears quite clumsy, lacking skill, even if his way of posing problems is quite problematic, provoking general ego and potentially causing debate. And who knows, perhaps causing conflict is what Nguyễn Huy Thiệp wants. Vietnamese literature is often indifferent; everyone pretends to read this and that, now they have a chance to really read, and so they all speak up, boisterous and rambling; and there are always those who follow suit, their tongues so foul that one doesn’t even want to name them, for fear of having to cover one’s mouth, nose… and even one’s anus.


Opening one’s mouth to talk about young poetry this way, young poetry that way, and always including a list. A list that is often completely unrealistic because it’s incomplete and sycophantic. Minh, Thư, Hải, Linh (the names of the four poets mentioned at the beginning of the essay)… is a list of young poets that is always outdated in information, old in perception, and sycophantic; someone said so, so I say so too. There are two reasons: Firstly, even if they (readers like Dương Tường) are as brilliant as heaven, proficient in many foreign languages, they would still be helpless, because if they don’t read or read little Vietnamese, they won’t see anything; how many local Vietnamese poets write in foreign languages to be read? Not to mention reading vaguely, thinking one is reading poetry here but not living like the author, not understanding what the author is writing, because it belongs to a different system of perception – a different life. Therefore, after one or two readings, they immediately declare: it’s this and that. And this judgment is certainly utterly wrong. Secondly, because they think about their own achievements and positions (what they have created), there’s a bit of calculation, fearing that supporting something too different from themselves might eventually negate them. Therefore, they must entrench themselves, the longer the better, in the bunkers they’ve built around themselves. Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, Dương Tường, Hoàng Hưng, Nguyên Ngọc, Lê Đạt, Phan Đan… (the list is very long) have tried to entrench themselves in this way, even though some on this list don’t write poetry and others haven’t written poetry for a long time; so the list of young poets and the perception of young poetry just drags along like rusty steel wheels – anyone young like them, continuing their legacy, is OK; anyone different is ignored. Phan Huyền Thư is highly praised, mentioned the most, of course, because her poetry is good, but this is a goodness that continues, similar to those who praise her. I also praise Thư’s poetry, but I praise different aspects, aspects that those others don’t want to mention because they are too different from them; or they simply cannot see them. Nguyễn Hữu Hồng Minh, Vi Thùy Linh are similar cases. As for Văn Cầm Hải, I have no opinion, because he follows in the footsteps of those who are too excellent; I find Phan Huyền Thư’s line quite fitting for this case: a “flashy conformist.”

Therefore, Trần Wũ Khang’s reaction to the “four pillars” list is also normal; but he then presented a list that was both superfluous and lacking, and included some undeserving individuals. For example, to mention contemporary figures in the North and still list Nguyễn Quyến, Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến… is truly unworthy, because for over a year now, they haven’t shown any “performance.” Regarding the overseas list contributing to the movement, Nguyễn Đăng Thường – an important poet and translator – is missing, while some mediocre individuals appear – making little impression beyond having been active for a long time. Tilling the soil for a long time makes one a farmer, but the seeds sown often fail to grow. Even one or two of the Southern figures are the same; their works are a clever compilation of so-called aesthetic beauty, somewhat romantic language, plus a bit of imitative surrealism… enough to intimidate people. I wonder if Trần Wũ Khang paid close attention to this?

To continue following this essay with its many disparate ideas, I invite you to read another poem by Phan Bá Thọ, titled “kafakacocain, những ý niệm ảo” (kafka cocaine, illusory notions):

k a f k a c o c a i n

  • note: according to his rudimentary [then] understanding, there are 999… reasons
    for a distorted face, for example [a few cases, scattered examples]:
  • phan bá thọ’s face distorted because, his vehicle crashed
  • poet nguyễn quốc chánh, because he forgot many things + his wife
  • the fate of two small children, faces distorted by going out
    opening their mouths to gasp a toxic wind…& because

the sun is hell or vice versa [upside down
perverse perverse abuse etc – etc however you like &] it knows that
because humans ( always moving, hence
it is always stuck to its own shadow
this is more beneficial than the many people’s delusion / association

1.5 / aus
looking straight [except when strolling, admiring staged scenes
because it has the right] it, always looks straight while moving
(this accuses its faithfulness, fear &
furtive decency towards many things …)
25 / pam
strictly obeying 112004 commandments
[among which: 2003 commandments for husband and wife, pillowing heart lungs &
dense ambiguous clauses
the remaining, obsolete & ineffective for the belly]
this also proves, its
innate natural rudeness & that of all those
who agree and are afflicted with it
33 / beer. froth
(…) in short. from the moment it discovered itself: human
it also discovered: it is worse than a worm
a worm doesn’t bother to know anything about human commandments
so / into it, there’s still a tiny bit of freedom
even if it’s the freedom to pee anywhere

hell glitters with light & this can also be reversed (
the worm is also watched by its own shadow
the complicated matter since, both worm & human no longer distinguish
where kafka is where cocaine is (
everything becomes dark, sinister, tangled & meaningless to explain like
these very lines, dear [dedicated to: 2 small children, open – mouth –
distorted – face*]

This is a concept, entirely a concept – it is complete or partially complete with the author’s own thoughts and life, and forces this author to write this way. It doesn’t entirely try to introduce something new, even though everything is inverted, a kind of decentering: center to periphery, periphery to center, refusing fixed-stable positioning, notes placed at the beginning, dedication at the end. The underlying idea and narrative are also quite complex. This poem, or the next poem by Khúc Duy, has a high consumptive quality, not aiming for high art; it is made not to astound the reader, to distance itself from the high altar in all its ideological propositions, or more seriously: for future reading – it is a part of the author’s life, the author’s response. In the past, long before Trần Dần, even before Hồ Xuân Hương, many poets had poems that were not what readers wanted; they made poems for themselves to laugh, to respond, to use immediately, and to parody playfully. Folk poetry, satirical poetry were also a kind of parody, a kind of play, a kind of life. But now, it’s the turn of a generation of different poets; they are completely free with their choices; play or truth, it doesn’t matter to them. It’s one and the same. No need to bathe, dress, light incense, or prepare offerings before writing poetry; poetry doesn’t have to be serious. Satirical poetry and satirical life. De-seriousifying, de-structuring to move towards structural dissemination… is a current concern. Not making poetry to innovate. Not making poetry to change guards. But truly comfortable: making poetry the way they have thought and are living.

Like a poem by Khúc Duy:

And Dipping in Shrimp Paste

Bùi “Chát” is a “braggart”
sometimes savory, sometimes bitter, bitter like a Buddha,
more like boiled figs. Figs
carefree, waiting for the day to be pricked with shrimp
paste. He makes love with anything
that has a hole or doesn’t have a hole. One
day “shrimp paste tofu” The itchy hole,
opening eyes, breathing on the older sister’s email
a whole flashlight into the fig’s crotch and then
going into a trance, stripping. Fig has the right to
pick its nose, poetry has the right to pick its nose: lying on its side,
lying on its stomach, lying back, crawling, kneeling, walking, standing,
spreading its legs, plowing over mountains, doggy style,
kitty style… the more pleasurable. Just pick its nose,
“shrimp paste tofu” Oh! Let’s plow
over mountains with Fig, huh.

Or Như Huy’s poem:

Hurrah for that Generation

Your knowledge and self-respect are only enough to nurture your persistent cowardice
Your skills are only enough to help you evade the obvious answer
Your hatred is merely a magic trick – just like a beggar’s staff
Your empty words, empty silences, empty songs, empty verses, your three-penny empty epitaphs
Your empty adjectives, empty ellipses, empty parentheses and quotation marks, your empty smudged ink drops
Your empty dialectics, empty single and double metaphors, your empty linking tricks
Your empty abbreviations, your empty rambling boastfulness, your utterly empty sly quotes…
*

You,
the – one – who – then – dared – not – choose – that.

Is this a poem (by Như Huy, a professional artist who rarely writes poetry)? I don’t want to be certain. But clearly, its author made a poem, this poem was made, simply to answer a poem written earlier, also on the Tiền Vệ forum. Perhaps it was a response to a disagreeable viewpoint. Or like Khúc Duy’s poem, it’s merely a back-and-forth with Bùi Chát’s poetry collection. Generally, these are argumentative poems, a kind of preface, or a verbal sparring. But these poetic words are an attitude, answering an attitude. They are interactive; one work born from another, Như Huy’s poem born from Trúc Quỳnh’s; Khúc Duy’s poem born from Bùi Chát’s collection. The work is written, from the perspective of a reader more than a creator, meaning it doesn’t aim for a final destination, but the public’s reading, external impacts, allow the work to be completed. At the same time, it is not born independently, but is often an association – a two-way interaction; meaning reading this work (like Như Huy’s, for example) can reveal its enemy (sometimes, friend). It is a tracing, helping readers string together works in an interactive relationship; this stringing helps the reader understand the work. Therefore, reading poetry by Nguyễn Quốc Chánh, Đỗ Kh., or more recently by Bùi Chát, Khúc Duy, Phan Bá Thọ… for example, must be done in an interactive context. This interactive quality makes the works of these authors vastly different from many authors – works in the narrative tradition (I am this way, I am that way) of Vietnamese poetry in general, and the poetry of young Northern authors in particular… And contemporary poetry (like many poems on Tiền Vệ, for example), to some extent, is merely an interactive attitude. Without viewing it correctly with such a concept, many people will strain their necks and shout, “Why is poetry so strange?”; and precisely because of this, many people, thinking poetry is something formidable, aiming for something formidable, will shout that this is “defiling literature.” And alas, with such thoughts and perspectives, how can one read contemporary poetry? How can poetry be read as it truly is?

The literati in particular, and most other readers, who refuse to mention anyone beyond the four poets listed above, have two main reasons: one, as readers, they have the right not to care; two, this reason is more important, they dare not look broadly, fearing it might affect their old and conservative judgments.

2.

Wandering through some current forums, I see many articles/issues truly worth noting. Like Trịnh Thanh Sơn’s article “Young Poetry… Insomnia,” widely published here and there, where he groups Joseph Huỳnh Văn with contemporary young poets like Nguyễn Quang Thiều, Phan Huyền Thư… even though Joseph Huỳnh Văn was a famous and respected poet in Saigon before 1975. This mistake doesn’t affect “the deceased,” but it proves two things: One, Trịnh Thanh Sơn’s understanding and perception of poetry history lacks what is called Saigon poetry before 1975, where the Sáng Tạo group appeared and profoundly influenced the innovation of Saigon poetry later. Secondly, it demonstrates a decline in his understanding of the issue; whenever “young poetry” is mentioned, it’s always the same four; without reading and evaluating for himself, to distinguish between real and fake, to know who young poets are, and where young poetry is going (or even drifting). And this decline is like a domino effect, leading to many other declines; as Nguyễn Ngọc, Dương Tường, Nguyễn Huy Thiệp… would say, it’s a decline due to ignorance. Frankly, few want to be innocent; everyone wants to jump into the domino wave, while even standing outside is difficult, so decline is certain.

Another article, by Nguyễn Hoàng Sơn, titled “Vietnamese Poetry on the Brink of a New Revolution,” published in Văn Nghệ newspaper, issue dated February 21, 2004, and elsewhere, also reveals a different way of thinking, which is very problematic. What is revolution? Roughly understood as a complete change or a change in some parts; and in what direction does this change occur? Certainly not in a stable direction. Stability, like peace, cannot be a revolution. Mainstream Vietnamese poetry is stable, has been and is so; there is no indication that a revolution is about to happen. Moreover, while things are peaceful and well (who dares say mainstream Vietnamese poetry is not peaceful and well!?), who will stand up to make a revolution? Certainly, no one wants to make a revolution yet. If so, then in recent years (during the Đổi Mới era, for example) there would have been a revolution already. Vietnamese poetry remains the same, still entrenched in a defensive stance for reasons unknown; there are only a few movements (movements that must be seen as inevitable) that some people say are changing, like applying different eyeliner and lipstick. Many say that revolution in poetry always belongs to the youth; oh, who are these mainstream youth? Who knows and where are they hidden? There are some prominent figures, maintaining their names at a few information hubs, but beyond the title of poet, where is their poetry? I mean, where is their poetry showing any sign of being powerful enough or about to make a revolution? So a key question arises: to whom does the revolution belong, and where is it? Certainly not to those Nguyễn Hoàng Sơn mentioned, nor to the Vietnamese New Formalism movement – because many believe it only produces old things, just with line-breaking techniques, and it’s in America; and certainly not to outsiders like us, whom those above, as well as those below, out there… don’t consider to be making poetry, only making nonsense. But if we don’t make poetry, how can there be a poetry revolution?

Moreover, we, who always respect our own concept of poetry and that of others, we don’t want any damn revolution; being peaceful and well like this is our way of mocking that idea. We do what we feel is necessary, what is lacking; it’s just what belongs to us – who would want to get involved in a revolution, which sounds so serious and pretentious? We believe that Nguyễn Hoàng Sơn’s view of a revolution is a form of self-hypnosis, stated to reassure oneself that: change is coming, just wait. Wait a little longer, at most wait for the end of life, that’s all. While poetry comes and goes daily, facing new situations, just like the people carrying it, why wait to live? Therefore, where the revolution is and to whom it belongs remains a distant question, without even rushing to assert: there is no revolution about to happen in Vietnamese poetry, because a poetry revolution is unnecessary.

3.

And finally, as those considered innocent, we do not make poetry in your perception. I invite you to read what we do; as I wish to illustrate for the essay: it still clings to reality.

Phan Bá Thọ:
iraq chicken flu nine 3 + years

your luck is too bad (the excuse of an old man who stole other people’s music after being exposed)
yeah, really too bad, truly bad, because the whole village stole but he was the only one slapped and grabbed by the throat.
couldn’t help but laugh but the shame shame shame was indescribable.
i like those who have never robbed or plundered, even if he is a pd oil, even if he has prostituted himself all over this globe
horse-dog whore, rare animal whore, white gold whore, colonial imperialist whore
but the coolest is still the one who dares to beat his chest and declare his name. i, a male whore in words & truth (though, he only ranks 85/ 93 from the bottom up, of what is coincidentally called)
list of poets against war
(updated april 14th, 2003 at 21:15, california time, usa):

away, hanoi, vietnam – exile, dili, east timor – bình minh, paris, france – chim hải, sydney, australia – cổ ngư, paris, france – đàm quang tùng, hanoi, vietnam – đào tuấn, brussels – đinh cường, virginia, usa – đinh linh, usa – đinh phạm quỳnh châu, hanoi, vietnam – đinh trường chinh, fairfax, virginia, usa – đỗ kh., yorba linda, california, usa – đỗ minh tuấn, hanoi, vietnam – đỗ quang nghĩa, limburg, germany – đỗ quyên, toronto, canada – hà duy hưng, hanoi, vietnam – hoa độ, paris, france – hoa thi, ammon, idaho, usa – hoàng hưng, hanoi, vietnam – hoàng ngọc tuấn, sydney, australia – hoàng quốc hải, hanoi, vietnam – hoàng xuân sơn, canada – kacheong, hongkong – khánh hà, oslo, norway – khế iêm, westminster, california, usa – khương hà, đồng nai, vietnam – kim anh, saigon, vietnam – kim yến, germany – lê an, berlin, germany – lê đạt, hanoi, vietnam – lê hân, ontario, canada – lê minh hà, limburg, germany – lê nghĩa quang tấn, san francisco, usa – lê thị thấm vân, los altos, california, usa – lê trọng phương, bonn, germany – luân hoán, montreal, canada – lưu hy lạc, usa – lưu linh, georgia, usa – mạch nha, paris, france – mai chi, wien, austria – mai ninh, caen, france – miêng, paris, france – ngô thanh nhàn, new york, usa – ngô thu hiền, taylor, los angeles, usa – ngô tự lập, hanoi, vietnam – nguyễn bình, hanoi, vietnam – nguyễn chi hoan, hanoi, vietnam – nguyễn đăng thường, london, england – nguyễn đăng tuấn, toronto, canada – nguyễn hoài phương, germany – nguyễn hoàng tranh, sydney, australia – nguyễn hưng quang, hanoi, vietnam – nguyễn hữu hồng minh, ho chi minh, vietnam – nguyễn hữu viện, paris, france – nguyễn quí đức, san francisco, california, usa – nguyễn tấn nghĩa, vietnam – nguyễn thị hồng, hanoi, vietnam – nancy, france – nguyễn thị ngọc nhung, orange, usa – nguyễn thị thanh bình, virginia, usa – phạm hải anh, amsterdam, holland – phạm miêng tưởng, sydney, australia – phạm quốc thăng, saigon, vietnam – phạm thị hoài, berlin, germany – phạm trần hải hà & nguyễn thu thủy, vietnam – phạm xuân nguyên, vietnam – poisson, cẩm thi đoàn, paris, france – poisson, emmanuel, paris, france – tạ duy bình, sydney, australia – tài lực, paris, france – thận nhiên, seattle, washington, usa – thơ thơ, westminster, california, usa – thường quán, melbourne, australia – trần mộng tú, seattle, washington, usa – trân sa, toronto, canada – trần thị trường, hanoi, vietnam – trần trọng hoàng bách, saigon, vietnam – tùng linh, paris, france – uyên nguyên, sydney, australia – vi hòa, sydney, australia – vũ quang huy, san jose, california, usa – vũ ngọc thăng, toronto, canada – y chi, sydney, australia – y nguyên, paris, france – ý nhi, toronto, canada

that’s the rambling story of, the story of today sleeping in the same bed with yesterday, or like the story of that day raping and tearing apart the afternoon of the other day. today:

  • c is still interested in hunting w.bush or laden ping ping all the way to the central highlands
  • d is happily smoking his lungs out cleaning up the old flu on evan express
  • v makes big [small] profits from the business of chaotic scrap paper
  • b buries his hands and feet in the practice called profession, stubbornly arguing with state monopoly
  • t is diligently forgetting poetry & intoxicated with trivial love affairs.
    so number 5 missed the boat, train, market, so
    there’s also what’s called the list of poets supporting the war:

nguyễn quốc chánh, saigon, vietnam – vũ thị bình, phnom penh, cambodia – lý đợi, saigon, vietnam – bùi chát, saigon, vietnam – phan bá thọ, saigon, vietnam.
(updated april 8th, 2004 at 15:25 la hán phòng defensive time)

Lý Đợi:

Oresol for Acute Diarrhea

I have an oresol point right under my pants and not behind
What’s so great about you even if you’re in front…

Once you told me you liked diarrhea
Diarrhea in your pants for the wind to carry away…

But for years I’ve liked to treat [sorry tongue-tied: treat]
That diarrhea in the pants that turns to dust…

Someone said they returned from a late garden [not you] smelling of diarrhea
I hugged my heart* night diarrhea-constipation…

I’m sorry for my diarrhea poem
No hatred, why slander poetry…

I want to write poetry like treating diarrhea
Then insult you and leave on weary knees…

For years you’ve kept leaving
For years I’ve been treating acute diarrhea…

I’ve apologized to you, now you apologize to me
No poetic words, just obscenities…

Treating obscenities is like treating diarrhea
The doctor advises:
For adults, oresol with warm water
For children, oresol with warm water
For corpses, also oresol with warm water
BUT FOR ME AND YOU, ORESOL WITH ORESOL…

I don’t care, you write the prescription
Dear doctor: money and poetry are gone.

Note:

  • Bùi Chát suggested “lồn” (vagina/cunt)

Blessed are those who do not see yet believe…!

Blessed is the lay Buddhist girl [Pang Yun: 740-808 or 811] famous in the Tang dynasty
who walked the path of Zen; praised by other young ones as precious
Vimalakirti of the East, with books recording stories called
Pang Layman’s Sayings, creating extreme material excitement
among those with Zen-language mouths, with earth-shattering verses
that said: if there’s a son, don’t marry him off [if there’s a son, don’t marry] asking anyone
if there’s a daughter, don’t give her away [if there’s a daughter, don’t marry her off] bartering
the whole family gathers [the whole family gathers] faces
together speaking of unborn talk [together discussing unborn talk] planned parenthood…

Blessed are the poets of Mở Miệng (Open Mouth) [2001-2004 or 200…] who trained wasps
to make honey of the Vehicle Sect
blessed are those who do not see [open mouth] but believe the radio monument
[not hearing but knowing/not pressing but hurting] painfully
blessed are those who do not eat but are full [not sleeping but happy/not in bed but comfortable]
blessed are those who play/eat/drink together… Open

Mouth’s advice, heed the rambling [righteous] words:
at La Hán Phòng there’s a group
called Mở Miệng making very nonsensical poetry
causing trouble, wanting nothing
more than to open their mouths.

Believe it or not…!
Blessed [crazy] are those who do not believe but see [their mother’s vagina].

When We Make Love

when we make love when the fire is out, rice boiling
when we make love when the pig squeals “kóc kóc”
when we make love when husband demands to poke
*
when we make love when the child is sound asleep
when we make love when the pig is full, rice cooked
when we make love when it’s time to poke, then poke!
*
when we make love until evening
when we make love three to five times a day
when we make love when you just keep poking.
*
when we make love when we’re tired of poking
when we make love when we see each other daily
when we make love when my face is a poke.
*
when we make love when the lights are out, dark
when we make love when you say “later tonight”
when we make love when it’s ready to be poked!
*
when we make love when the lights are bright
when we make love when you say “let’s wait till morning”
when we make love when poking is fun!
*
when we make love when the sun has risen
when we make love when you demand to poke
when we make love when we linger in bed.
*
when we make love when dinner is about to be served
when we make love when you say it’s hungry
when we make love when we eat later!
*
when we make love when watering the vegetable garden
when we make love when you demand to poke standing
when we make love when we embrace under the sky!
*
when we make love when sewing
when we make love when you say “let’s try”
when we make love when poking sitting down!
*
when we make love when fishing in the pond
when we make love when you demand to plant one
when we make love when the pole is under the moon.

**
when we make love when we can’t speak
when we make love when husband asks lovingly
when we make love when someone says “don’t listen”?


when we make love when water overflows
when we make love when [overflowing] all around
when we make love when the fire of passion burns hotter
when we make love when we are more infatuated.


when we make love when annoyed:
when we make love when rice boils, fire out
when we make love when the child is still crying loudly
when we make love when husband asks again
when we make love when your house is empty
when we make love when we try a little poke!


when we make love when the pig squeals, child cries
[my love]
when we make love when waiting for me to light the stove
when we make love… just a bit, then we’ll poke.


when we make love note my love:
when we make love this poem seen at
when we make love Giấy Vụn issue 3
when we make love this is the end.

Khúc Duy:

Decree 1/VN
Strictly enforce the law
cut dicks, plug assholes
comrades poets
must not swear, fuck, screw
may swear elegantly, beautifully, cockscomb flowers, stinky-cunt flowers…
eat (s)mell! no shitting or peeing (too dirty)
smell (s)mell! no farting (too stinky)
look (s)mell! no fucking (too pleasurable)
strictly enforce the law
from the belly button up
you guys fucking and screwing makes my balls… ears ache
…oh that guy… which chest pierced a hole…
my mouth like that.

Bitter Melon Soup

Lighting incense behind the nape of the neck, full moon without police,
eating dog meat hanging everywhere. Lately, craving
the mistress’s herbal stew. Yeah! Why doesn’t the tea
wash the dick. Because the sky is dark, performing
smelling socks, flies bathing in Western wine. Dollars exchanging
pig skin written online, you have no private place. 3 guys looking for documents for 3 months, not
daring to write, how can they endure. Gathered to mock
her cockscomb, pitying the crotch going back and forth
on the forum. Training the little girl with two dried stir-fried clams.
Who gave birth to her, in the middle of the night, aroused, poking a hand into the cave of philosophy, the hammer.
Got out, squeezed out. She only plays with a few
scraps of paper, what did she do. Horny is horny.
Culture full of pants, I want to smell. You guys
are doing business raw.

At night, afraid of coffee pho every morning,
afraid of constipated birds, afraid of wearing pants, the smell
of shoes never fading.

Bùi Chát:

Still the Same, Huh

My body is both white and round
Seven ups and three downs with mountains and waters
Whatever can be spared, that’s what it is
Having a husband who is indifferent is like having none

What Can Be Done

All year round trading at the river mouth
Raising five children with one husband
Motherfucker, life’s ways are so ungrateful
Yet I still keep a loyal heart

2000 Stories Told in 2000

The moon rises to the turtle’s hump

You let me fuck you, at the end of the season I’ll pay you back with sweet potatoes

Heard a rumor in Hố Nai*
Two thousand people died from horny vaginas

……
God laughed

Note:

  • according to Phan Bá Thọ: Hố Nai, you know it!

Painful Change

Climbing the pomelo tree to pick flowers
Stepping down into the vegetable garden to pick spring buds
Spring buds blooming green
I have a husband now, I regret it so much
Three coins for a bunch of bitter betel
Why didn’t you come when you were free
Now I have a husband
Like a bird in a cage, like a fish caught on a hook
A fish caught on a hook, where to untangle?
A bird in a cage, when will it get out?
Oh ah…
Seeing the lamenting girl carrying water
Watering, watering the phoenix tree
She watered the phoenix tree…
So my golden liver writhed in pain
Oh ah…

Magical Reality – Or a Two-Finger Greeting

Also in 1974, something utterly strange happened when I first arrived in Paris. On my very first afternoon, I wandered down to St-Germain-des-Prés looking for Sartre and Simone’s bar. Just as I emerged from the subway tunnel onto the street, still disoriented, I saw a huge Western man, handsome like Christopher Reeves in the Superman movie. The big Western man in a big Western suit gave me a very suggestive glance, then walked straight into a small public urinal nearby. Curious, I followed. Oh, how astonished, how utterly astonished! Before me was a gigantic, smooth, angelic Michelangelo statue. But between the pinkish-white buttocks, like two mounds of breasts, of that beautiful, dream-like male body, there seemed to be a pig’s tail sticking out, though I wasn’t quite sure. Finally, I boldly approached the superman and asked: “Hello in Paris. What’s in front of the củ chi and what’s behind?”

And so, we recognized each other.

Logically, this article (the entire article, not just Bùi Chát’s poem) should have extensive footnotes for easy understanding, but I fear it would be too cluttered, so I’ll refrain.

La Hán Phòng 10.4.2004.

A GAME WITHOUT TRACE– PHẠM THỊ HOÀI

A friend of mine, a sculptor, once told me: “Literature is not like rice, planted and harvested a few months later. Literature is a game without trace.” What does “without trace” mean?

I have heard many writers sigh, wondering if anyone will mourn them three hundred odd years from now. Many resolutely reject today’s audience, reserving their sacred desk drawer for a future readership. Many seek solace in immortality in some distant realm. Many soar above successful colleagues with a knowing smile, believing that time will sift fairly. Generally, for writers, entrusting oneself to some distant harvest is a deeply rooted hope. And equally deeply rooted is the habit of equivocation, exploiting the mysterious nature of time as an elegant shield for the lazy and incompetent. There, the game without trace of literature becomes a frightening magic trick. There are wizard-writers who have lived a lifetime of lavish indulgence thanks to the specters of genius. And people’s fear of ghosts is also deeply rooted.

The truth is that history has belatedly canonized some literary geniuses whose talent was too vast for their own time to tolerate. But the posthumous fame and memorial services for them are truly only meaningful to posterity; for themselves, I believe, all of that is utterly meaningless. Is there any writer who does not seek happiness, which includes the recognition of their contemporaries? F. Nietzsche, a man so lonely that he “was not granted the grace of having worthy adversaries,” certainly found no joy in his deadly spiritual tragedy, no pleasure in the sight of “one by one, in the crowd of friends and strangers, fearfully leaving him alone on the dreadful stage of his life amidst his glorious monologue. And the most unprecedented spectacle of intellect bestowed upon our collapsing century ended without an echo, without an audience before rows of empty benches [1].”

That was indeed a great game without trace, for it reached the ultimate level of danger. F. Nietzsche, the one who carried it out, never wanted to, but could not help but do so. This was beyond his personal will.

Meanwhile, in every era, the majority belong to a certain kind of literature…

There are authors who tirelessly pursue humanity’s eternal themes. Alas, their works do not outlive their physical bodies by much.

There are authors who are passionately engaged in literary innovations. Pity that their efforts still cannot erect any significant milestone in the trajectory of literary development.

There are authors who firmly believe they are leading their compatriots across the desert to the promised land. Alas, that artistic desert is no more than three grains of sand.

They did not wish for a short lifespan, yet their works had one. Perhaps history only pities rather than blames, and rarely errs concerning those who are willing but unable.

But blameworthy are the calculations—sometimes very clever—of those who use their literary talent to hastily build fame and fortune, disregarding the fragile call of some conscience. I understand conscience here not as a moral concept, but as the inherent and essential principle of literary art. Ancient texts recount Đông Hồ’s direct transcription of the Đào Viên case: “If it is to be called history, then it must be written as such; thus, my head can be cut off, but this manuscript cannot be altered.” That conscience lies within the discipline of history itself; the historian is merely its executor. And there must certainly be such a conscience in literature.

Modern Vietnamese literature is beginning to develop according to market laws. In my opinion, this is natural and therefore much healthier than the previous period of planned development. A few demands of this market can be listed: cải lương (melodrama/popular entertainment), phá bĩnh (disruption/provocation), tù mù (obscurity/vagueness), and nhân văn (humanism).

Cải lương occupies more than half and promises much material profit. Modern cải lương can range from temple stories to brothel tales, occasionally pausing for philosophy amidst thrilling scenes. Vietnamese literature has traditionally been less for entertainment. Cải lương overcomes that shortcoming; it is more innocent and less ambitious. Many prose and poems against negativity have emerged on this convenient foundation.

Phá bĩnh is for more discerning customers. They are also liberal, fond of humor, and have a progressive spirit. The literary life has long been dull, insipid, and full of hypocrisy; it truly deserves disruption. “Sensation” and “scandal” were originally terms specifically used to describe the chaotic, disorderly, in short, decadent and reactionary state of Western cultures. Fortunately, they have found their way to us, less than 15 years after the bloodshed against America. I consider sensation and scandal to be healthy nudges. Whether one can move forward by such means is another matter.

The current phá bĩnh movement is not at risk of going overboard, as many responsible critics have worriedly warned. Its risk, on the contrary, is its immaturity, short breath, relying only on chance, lacking the necessary scale and stature. Perhaps it only satisfies the Vietnamese psychology of enjoying aimless grumbling and sulking, not even reaching the point of demanding redress, rather than being sufficient to cultivate a deep consciousness aiming for freedom and human rights. That is truly sad.

Tù mù literature has recently become very popular. At the beginning of the century, a Frenchman commented: “The people of Annam have a strange custom: they are happy just to read books and recite poetry, whether they understand it or not. From the storyteller of Nhị độ mai to the literary critic, only the voice matters. Yet, ‘reading it over and over seventy times, they still don’t get bored’.” If one diligently invests in the psychology of “understanding or not doesn’t matter” and “reading it over and over seventy times without getting bored,” if one thoroughly grasps the art of subtle allusion, which is an Eastern tradition, plus the very flexible open-ended technique of modern world literature, one can effortlessly complete a tù mù work. That is a very effective shortcut. Its secret lies in letting the reader intuitively sense something very vague and grand behind the lines. In some aspects, it seems to be in the same vein as the game without trace. I often dream: art must be brightly clear. Otherwise, it is also a puzzling magic trick played by those who “exploit art” in the twilight.

Finally, humanism. In truth, this is a clear-cut issue, requiring no lengthy discussion. The headache is that, for some, it is a filler; for others, it is an insurance accessory; and for still others, it is an easygoing and obliging referee. What can be done, when the literary market, in its true sense, has only just briefly formed, and not a few still regret the previous period of planned development. Oh, the golden age in which everyone had their share, where is it now!

Meeting those demands, catering to the market, and knowing how to influence or flood the market are the survival conditions for “timely” literature. Here, innovation or conservatism is merely an excuse. The issue is immediate utility, success, and on-the-spot revenue. This need to “have everything and have it immediately” is also a completely essential and healthy human need.

Furthermore, it is not uncommon for writers to believe they must fulfill the urgent civic duty of a certain era. And if writers are merely good citizens and bad writers, then we will have a bad literature by respectable citizens. That is not too bad. It would be worse if doctors, pilots, accountants… were all bad doctors, bad pilots, and bad accountants in the same way.

Between, on one hand, up-to-date literature—these too-short sowing and harvesting cycles—and, on the other hand, the myth of genius, a noble game, which side does the public know to choose?

Is anyone content to see themselves as the famous donkey standing between those two bundles of hay?

I very much like to view literature as a game without trace, yet in my heart, I still feel bewildered.

Source: Văn nghệ (Literature & Arts), Hanoi, No. 7 (February 17, 1990)
[1] Quoted from S. Zweig: “Der Kampf mit dem Dämon” (The Struggle with the Daemon) – Hölderlin, Kleist, Nietzsche.

WRITING AS A FORM OF CONDUCT– PHẠM THỊ HOÀI

I am not speaking of writing as a purely livelihood-driven pursuit, though that is a highly debatable matter, and furthermore, the poverty of writers in this land has become a tradition; nor am I discussing writing to gain something else less worthy of discussion, such as fame or some social privilege. Beyond these, however much one loses faith in literature, I believe humanity still cannot escape the desires and reflections concerning literature that is truly necessary, both worthy and inspiring to human life.

However, we are living in an era where people are ready to acknowledge all things as reasonable, even those who write simply out of laziness and a fondness for ease. For me, writing is indeed a comprehensive form of conduct, first and foremost a conduct towards oneself, and then a conduct towards the environment—and the environment here encompasses all that is natural and all that humanity has created, including the legacy of the past and the faint, albeit obscure, signals of the future. If understood in this way, specifically, the writer must confront myriad data, and it seems impossible to categorize them by importance level 1, level 2… Can the reader truly grasp that a frail writer puts something vastly different on paper than a corpulent writer? And would a writer born with six fingers, for instance, definitively seek to contend with their aesthetically superfluous digit? For the writer themselves, this is often no less important than major social events. It is a pity that I have never found, in our research works, even a tiny glimmer of light cast in that direction. There is one person whose seriousness and intellectual honesty brought them closer to this issue than anyone else, Mr. Vũ Ngọc Phan, author of the work Nhà văn hiện đại Việt Nam (Modern Vietnamese Writers)—a work that, despite its shortcomings, has hardly been surpassed to this day. But alas, he was not dreamy and rigorous enough to that extent, and it is even more regrettable that he left no successor.

One of the primary factors defining a writer’s conduct is perhaps language, the almost sole indispensable medium. Of course, everyone has the right to choose their own language, but the issue is not merely the alphabet, for behind it lie cultural legacies, psychological capital of experience, and diverse social facets. With all my love and respect for the Vietnamese language, I still cannot deny my complex about this language I voluntarily chose. Writers often lament the powerlessness of language. This is sometimes more symbolic than indicative of actual flaws. I am willing to acknowledge the almost sudden development of modern Vietnamese, considering that the true literature written in this language is less than a hundred years old—a special case in the history of world literature, and a reason for us to encourage ourselves. But it clearly does not have the honor of standing alongside other powerful languages, and say what you will, it acts as an obstacle in our process of integrating into the common cultural backdrop of humanity. The joy of writing in one’s mother tongue often cannot overshadow the sadness caused by the excessively high specificity of that language. Faced with a master of Vietnamese like Nguyễn Tuân, I cannot help but wonder: should we allow our Vietnamese language to continue being a specialty reserved for connoisseurs, or should we first enhance its scientificity, speed, and capacity for expressing abstract thought?

Choosing an artistic viewpoint—which is, in fact, the choice of a philosophy of life—is perhaps the most thorough manifestation of conduct in the sense I am describing. The easiest and most facile approach is to make the spirit of the age a common denominator for various artistic conceptions. If one insists on viewing it from that angle, and especially if bolstered by a few other eternal crutches like humanism or aesthetic systems… then writers would have nothing left to do but declare their birth dates and summarize the biographies of all the characters they have created, then await judgment from electronic computers! But Stendhal and Balzac, French products of the same era, are vastly different. Despite my belated affection for Stendhal, I still believe that next to him, Balzac is merely a tireless storyteller who spares no effort. Or next to Arno Schmidt, G. Grass, whom I admire wholeheartedly, truly becomes insipid, and they are both German products of the same era. Contemporary Vietnamese literature seems to place more hope in collective strength than in individual heroes. There was a time when readers still had some choice, between Vũ Trọng Phụng and Thạch Lam, for example. I do not claim that these two writers were of sufficient stature to construct two different planes of thought, but at least their spiritual, psychological, and emotional worlds were distinct enough to be unmistakable. This phenomenon is becoming increasingly rare. Our critics have no choice but to invest in the common qualities of a literary collective. These qualities, in turn, are married by them most successfully with general social and contemporary events. The result is that when it comes to presenting their spiritual face to humanity, writers can only introduce a collective concept, accompanied by the political, economic, and social achievements of the nation. If this situation continues, the psychology of being protected, lulled to sleep, and even exploited by that collective concept will extinguish the last artistic aspiration, and we risk leaving future generations with a terrible spiritual meal.

An artistic conception always leads to its own artistic style. Literary style is clearly not just a matter of wording, of overusing periods or sparingly using colons or dashes. Although the proponents of the nouveau roman are no longer the most advanced representatives in the very place where that movement originated, although great literary innovators like Musil, Joyce, Faulkner… have gradually become classic names, the questions they posed, for me, are still questions thrown forward: the issue is no longer what to write, but how to write. To some extent, I envy Nguyễn Du, or Hồ Xuân Hương. They were much more innocent regarding that question. They didn’t need to know—and in fact, didn’t know—Goethe and Byron, contemporary poets on the other side of the globe, and to be objective, Goethe and Byron didn’t know them either. That certainly doesn’t diminish their greatness. But we are in an era where the writer is compelled to have a certain interaction with global spiritual and artistic products. I believe that today, a true writer is no longer allowed to apologize for their ignorance of the work of excellent colleagues worldwide, not to mention engaging in serious dialogue, rather than merely consulting introductions and tables of contents. Modern Vietnamese literature has the good fortune of not having become a victim of heated literary debates worldwide. No one speaks of a Vietnamese style, like Latin American literature, or émigré Russian literature. And it is even harder to find a distinct individual style there, if critics bothered to go beyond praising one writer as “sharp” or “heartfelt,” or criticizing another as “lacking depth” or “uneven.” But one learns not only from great styles but also from a literature lacking style. And I believe that many writers of previous generations paid a dear price, so that we, who came after, could learn the greatest lesson: how not to write.

An artistic conception often also entails its own artistic destiny. I do not know how writers in previous eras perceived their fate—on this matter, it seems most celebrity books and biographies provide information whose distortion can reach 100%—but in our era, when the pace of human life seems to not even allow for immortality after biological death, the writer must accept extremely harsh conditions. One cannot hope to evade responsibility into some distant realm. One can no longer expect the leniency of time. Meanwhile, reaching some agreement with the era one lives in often equates to the risk of self-annihilation, because not everyone has the blessing of choosing their era to live in. Moreover, in any era, one of the permanent traits of an artist is dissatisfaction, because the artist’s ultimate desire always lies ahead, and humanity has never reached it. I am innately optimistic. I deeply believe that times are getting better and better, and writers will increasingly spend less energy adapting to their era, or simply surviving in the moment, and can instead use that energy to transcend their own era and extend the dialogue with future generations.

THE WRITER AND THE FOUR ‘MAFIA’ BOSSES — NGUYỄN HUY THIỆP

The ancients believed that literature was the great foundation for establishing oneself, the grand task of “economics” (governing the nation and saving the world). However, they also clearly saw the adventurous and perilous nature of literature, which is why the ancients also spared no words in admonishing and threatening it.

The Bible begins with the sentence: “In the beginning was the Word.” That sentence is accompanied by God’s shake of the head. God also feared that the actions following the Word might not turn out well.

So what came after the beginning?

It’s not by chance that in literature, the word ‘tâm’ (heart/mind/conscience) is highly valued. I will discuss this after presenting a few points that seem less metaphysical.

In the act of writing, observation plays a primary active role. Sensitive and talented writers, after observing, will be terribly exhausted. The indifferent apathy of worldly ways, the meaninglessness of actions, the deceitfulness in character, and countless repulsive images in society strike their senses; how could they not be tired?

After observing, the writer reflects to process lies and truths, to process cruel actions and noble gestures, to process real material wealth and romantic spirits tinged with fantasy, much like choosing a menu. Very rarely does one choose a menu that truly suits one’s taste. I do not believe that every writer can absolutely accurately distinguish the data they gather after observation. More than ever, this is when the profession demands the writer’s heart to speak, meaning it demands the ‘tâm’ within.

The reflection on the data gathered after observation settles in the writer’s mind as a kind of fragmented, loose knowledge. Lê Quý Đôn himself noticed this, and what he saw was merely vague and unreliable. He wrote: “Knowledge is born from pure essence; the origin of pure essence is rooted in heaven and also related to time, from which it dissolves into people’s hearts, very wondrous and vibrant. Feeling, perceiving, very strange, subtle, unimaginable.” In this observation by Lê Quý Đôn, there is a brilliant discovery, which is the rule “literature begets literature.” If not a rule, we can also call it a common phenomenon.

Most writers are influenced by their predecessors. This extremely uncomfortable “passing of the torch” among intellectuals makes all writers, when they first pick up a pen, blush deeply. They ridiculously repeat someone else’s thoughts, image construction, and even composition. Guy de Maupassant also once “sang” in Flaubert’s style, Gogol had to follow Pushkin, and Nguyễn Du in Vietnam based his work on Thanh Tâm Tài Nhân, a person almost unknown in China.

In the works of genius writers, there are certain sentences that serve as bait for later generations. Reading their works is extremely important. However, if one reads them but only stops at the form, it means not reading at all. Lê Quý Đôn also recognized this again. His following opinion is much clearer and more transparent than the previous one: “Regardless of ancient or modern literature, though genres and sentences may differ, generally they must contain ‘Dao’ (the Way/Truth). With such content, literature flourishes; without it, there is chaos. Literature must be written with content to prosper; otherwise, it declines.”

So what is ‘Dao’? And what is ‘Dao’?

In the East, the combination of yin and yang is considered ‘Dao’; this combination is envisioned as a path. We can also consider ‘Dao’ as a life pulse. To perceive the life pulse of the era, and express it through words, that is divine literature.

Phương Đình Nguyễn Văn Siêu, who lived over a hundred years ago, a person once considered a “divine man” by the people, explained ‘Dao’ very arrogantly: “‘Dao’ is the ‘tâm’ (heart/mind/conscience) that we inherently possess.” “We” here does not mean everyone, but only a minority of extraordinary individuals who have “eloquence” (this is Su Dongpo’s term). Phương Đình considered “eloquence” to have “roots.” He explained: “It is like water. Water in the open sea, though islands may obstruct its path, its flow is not disturbed. Ponds and bays are far away, but their source is usually connected. This is because the sea contains profound depths. In stillness, one experiences it within oneself; in motion, one investigates it in affairs. It is what we grasp to complete ‘what is inherent’ in ourselves. Then, upon contact with things, it bursts forth. No idea is without resonance…”

All the above leads to the following consequence: “Good literature has ‘eloquence’, ‘eloquence’ comes from ‘Dao’, and ‘Dao’ originates from ‘tâm’, which is the writer’s heart.” If one doesn’t write, then so be it; but if one writes, one must have ‘tâm’, one must have a heart. But why do people constantly have to warn literature, still have to admonish and threaten writers? What danger does literature contain?

In China, it is said that when writing appeared, the writing on the tortoise shell of King Fuxi, Guiguzi jumped out, covered his face, cried for three days and three nights, and then lamented: “From this moment on, the world will fall into great chaos.” In writing, in literature, lies the seed of chaos. That is a reality, and this reality has been proven from ancient times to the present.

Let’s try to imagine a person born, toiling, eating, living completely lost in rules and regulations, stagnant moral frameworks, “day after long day, night after night,” time just passing by, and then dying. All of that happening meaninglessly, trivially, repetitively, without comparison, without contrast… how terrible would that be. Literature does not allow people to live like that; literature urges, awakens all human potential within them and warns: “Hey! However you live, living like that is so painful, so humiliating, so despicable, so wretched… Hurry up, life is almost over.” The urging of literature raises people up…

The awakening of people through literature takes many paths. Mediocre writers often place more faith in the social meaning of literature than geniuses do. Incompetent writers, lacking confidence in their individual talent, eagerly engage in “social activities” to “reflect society.” They speak loudly and are convinced that only they possess “civic consciousness,” only they have a conscience. I have seen this happen in Hanoi and in provincial towns. Usually, the “social activities” of this type of writer include gathering at cafes, salons, and seminars whose main content is “personnel issues.” They loiter around assembly halls where politicians deliberate, casting disdainful glances. Their “reflection of society” in their works is often zealous but also often terribly wrong. How could it not be terribly wrong? Even politicians, when enacting “regulations,” formulating policies, guiding their implementation, and anxiously monitoring them daily, are still unsure of right and wrong, let alone an outsider?

The issues of “civic consciousness” and “conscience,” I do not wish to address here. We all have civic consciousness and conscience; where would it go that we should worry and be afraid?

In Vietnam, a folk song has been passed down since ancient times, all explanations of which are hilariously wrong:
Thằng Bờm has a palm-leaf fan
The rich man offered to trade three cows and nine buffaloes
Bờm said: Bờm won’t take buffaloes
The rich man offered to trade a string of carp
Bờm said: Bờm won’t take carp
The rich man offered to trade three rafts of ironwood
Bờm said: Bờm won’t take ironwood
The rich man offered to trade a hawksbill turtle
Bờm said: Bờm won’t take the bait
The rich man offered to trade a sticky rice cake, Bờm smiled…

The cheerful writer of that folk song brilliantly expressed his idea of “immediate gratification,” “what can be swallowed immediately.” The idea of “immediate gratification,” “what can be swallowed immediately” can be likened to the spirit of existentialism in Western philosophy. The writer of that folk song understood Eastern society too well, a society full of heavy prejudices, many constraints, many promises and vows, and therefore believed in nothing. The writer Nguyễn Văn Bờm only believed in himself, only believed in immediate results and the knowledge he could digest.

The spirit of existentialism helps people realize their true selves. However, the harm of realizing one’s true self is that it leads to inhumane, dishonest, and selfish actions. More than ever, here “văn” (culture/literature/refinement) plays an important role. So what is “văn”? Is it perhaps the act of observing oneself, processing data, and acting in a way that is fitting for oneself and for the times? Zhu Zi, or Zhu Xi of the Song dynasty in China, believed: “Dignified demeanor, appropriate speech, all are ‘văn’.” That concept is extremely accurate; Lê Quý Đôn also held a similar view but more eloquently: “The sun, the moon, the stars are the ‘văn’ of the sky – Mountains, rivers, plants are the ‘văn’ of the earth – Rituals, music, laws are the ‘văn’ of humans.” Lê Quý Đôn also noted, “do not mistake virtue and ‘văn’ as two separate things.” Thus, good ‘văn’ means good virtue; there’s nothing to discuss, that is, from the writer’s perspective.

The extremely personal nature of famous literary works is moving precisely because of the writer’s heart. When a writer is not afraid to be embarrassed, expresses themselves, and can empathize with everyone, then whatever the case, we must respect them. Why can he say what others cannot, and furthermore, “no word is not simple, no idea is without resonance,” then certainly there is nothing supernatural there, there must certainly be light.

Yet, I still return to the initial question: “Why do people constantly have to warn and threaten literature?”

When referring to the personal nature of famous literary works, it means referring to their human quality. “It” here refers to two things: the author and the work. In a work, the greatness of a writer is measured by their ability to push character traits and issues raised to their limits, even to death. It’s not by chance that Dostoevsky explained his success by saying he pushed “what others only pushed halfway.” “The ‘sirs’ here, I also don’t understand if Dos meant his colleagues (i.e., contemporary Russian writers), politicians, or the Russian people?” However, I know well that Dos would also call the civil servant within him “sir,” the faithful husband within him “sir,” the slave within him “sir,” all the moral people within him “sir.”

Pushing characters and issues in a work to their absolute limits requires the writer to be honest with themselves to the core. Such honesty, daring to “play the flute with bone pipes” as in Mayakovsky’s case, made him great, even though his artistic expressive talent was limited. We know that Mayakovsky’s choice of words and vulgarity in his poetry were neither pleasant nor elegant, but that doesn’t mean he wasn’t a great poet. His act of putting a gun to his head and pulling the trigger was extremely poetic. Faced with such a spirit, other writers can only shake their heads and acknowledge him as a genius to settle the matter.

Although admiring Mayakovsky, many writers deep down do not wish to emulate him. In the East, one is considered a heroic genius only if their reputation and body remain intact. In ancient times, Zhao Zilong was such a hero: he achieved military feats, was never injured, and then died of old age. However, Zhao Zilong practiced martial arts. But the literary profession is much more complex; physical strength alone does not guarantee victory.

When reading ancient texts, I most fear the phrase: “Hành hữu dư lực, tắc dĩ học văn” (Only when one has surplus energy should one study literature). Very few people have such ability, a point Maxim Gorky expressed somewhat rudely and without considering the consequences. He said: “A writer must be greater than what they write.” Saying that, the writer is forced to prove, to demonstrate something (especially having to prove and demonstrate to their own imagination is very tiring, very easy to overexert oneself). Buddha Shakyamuni was much more profound when he taught: “Do not believe in my words, do not believe in the heart I desire, believe in your own heart.” To that extent is absolute, is to emptiness. Buddha endures because of many teachings like this.

In awakening people, literature must touch upon desires. The reason is very simple: not all readers know the Way, understand the Way, or practice the Way. The animalistic, instinctive nature in humans is immeasurable. The danger for a writer is that when facing desires, if not careful, they will fail right from the first “move.” Buddha Shakyamuni was a man; when he knew that female devotees would join his Way, he understood that he would lose 50% of its miraculousness, 50% of its lifespan, as if the Way would last 10,000 years but in reality only 5,000 years. Truly a Buddha. He was both magnanimous and generous. With female devotees joining the Way, losing 50% of its miraculousness, he remained unfazed; losing 50% of its lifespan, he still endured.

Of course, expressing desires in literature is not just about men and women. It is also about money, power, and even religion. Politics, love, religion, and money are the four areas where, if a writer delves deeply without caution, they can easily get hit. The level of danger in these four areas is equal, and these four “mafia” bosses are intimately connected, always seeking to save each other.

The writer’s struggle is to guide people away from the delusions of political power, love, money, and the fanaticism of self-sanctification. Here, the writer is the one who must single-handedly fight the four “mafia” bosses. It can be said that choosing the literary profession is certainly choosing failure for oneself, because every human being is involved in these four categories, unable to escape. To both accept it and escape it, while still maintaining the Way, that is the dream of a writer. life is extremely diverse. Writers are also extremely diverse. Only a very few writers can cross the vast sea of pens and plant their flag on some tiny patch of land, marking their name. Most, upon arrival, are exhausted, covered in countless pencils, ballpoint pens, ink pens, needle pens, all sorts of luxurious and vile weapons, even bullets. So who reaches the destination? Who does not?

The majority of writers, perhaps 99.99% of them, get entangled in the pitfalls of life’s path, confused in the labyrinths of the human heart and the labyrinths of words, unable to escape. These people do not know how to shed events to find the essence. The artistic characteristic of these writers is flowery language, verbosity. They cannot grasp the pulse of their characters’ personalities and often let characters behave and speak mistakenly. These characters engage in frivolous love affairs, don’t know how to earn money and spend it incorrectly, know nothing about politics, and will, of course, be immoral. The writer themselves, stumbling upon thorns in life’s path, will encounter thorns in their language and cause readers to also suffer. Many writers seem to explain something but actually complicate the issue further.

Of course, not everything in the works of those 99.99% of writers is to be discarded; here and there, a few small golden grains still sparkle. Discerning readers who know how to gather those golden grains will acquire a significant amount of golden knowledge, but this will require effort and time. Trạng Trình Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, reflecting on life, spoke of this with great conviction:
“Nothing is more perilous than the path of life
If one does not know how to cut away, it is all thorns.”

This word “cut away” in the literary profession is what Maxim Gorky called “plucking a chicken,” meaning knowing how to strip away non-essential events, to shed empty words, descriptive words, vague words… In life, we can consider it the act of cutting away the constraints of the social system to achieve absolute individual freedom, hiding oneself in one’s own inner world.

When one hides oneself in one’s own inner world, facing the void of individual freedom is when one faces the devil. Writing this, I recall a story about two women. One asked: “My dear friend, if you die, will you choose heaven or hell?” The other replied: “Well, heaven certainly has good weather, but hell has more interesting stories.” This anecdote contains a chuckle. The master writers, whom I believe constitute 0.001% of all writers, have brilliantly depicted their personal freedom and that of their characters. Reading them should make one shiver, feel a bit eerie. But enjoyable. Moreover, sometimes one gets to smile inwardly. This type of literature was formerly called “văn trung hữu quỷ” (literature with ghosts/demons within). Even Tú Xương belonged to this type. Even Nguyễn Khuyến. When Nguyễn Khuyến criticized Tú Xương:
“It’s good, truly good
But pitting ‘Heaven’ against ‘dog,’ this old man dislikes it”
In reality, it was just a case of “the pot calling the kettle black” (lit. “dog criticizing cat for being too hairy”). When Nguyễn Khuyến found himself in a failed examination situation like Tú Xương, he would also have to write like that; how else could he write?

The rare 0.001% of writers mentioned above are certainly experienced, kind, and profound. For them, the boundary between good and evil sometimes blurs because they are only accustomed to doing good; they have never done evil, so how would they know what evil is? However, these writers are always mercilessly attacked by the hammer and axe of public opinion. Their only fault is that they are too honest with themselves and with their readers. This is rebellious literature. Trạng Trình Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm also pondered this with great conviction:
“Nothing is as dangerous as the human heart. If one does not know how to guard it and lets it run wild, it becomes monstrous.”

In that prophecy of Trạng Trình lies the following truth: the degree, the finite nature of genius. Here, we will encounter the concept of “harmony” in aesthetics or the state we commonly call enlightenment (đắc đạo). The number of enlightened writers is astonishingly small; they only account for 0.001% of all writers. They are geniuses and they always “take ultimate goodness as the absolute standard.” Vietnam has been fortunate to have Nguyễn Trãi, Nguyễn Du; after Nguyễn Du, it seems there has been no one else.

Some might object to my categorization of the three types of literature. Here, it depends on one’s concept of “the writer.” My way of categorizing is from Nguyễn Trãi, Nguyễn Du, from Sima Qian downwards, not from bottom up.

In summary, no matter the type of literature, one must take ‘tâm’ (heart/mind/conscience) and ultimate goodness as the foundation. Warning and threatening writers is to warn and threaten the majority of writers. For the 0.001% of enlightened writers, warning and threatening them is superfluous.

Here, the question arises: who has the right to warn and threaten literature? No one at all, it is precisely the four “mafia” bosses that exist throughout all times: politics, love, money, and religion. These four forces set traps everywhere, tormenting humanity. Literature helps people understand themselves, recognize the dangers in life’s path. The war of consciousness takes place continuously, sometimes fiercely, sometimes peacefully, and usually the standard-bearer throughout all times, and only that person, has this ability. That is the unfortunate writer. He is walking on that road, ..pen and paper in his pocket, no money either, no emoluments whatsoever, a broken heart…

THE RECENT PERIOD OF LITERATURE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS — HOÀNG NGỌC HIẾN

In the years before the Revolution, the final years of French colonial rule, overt literature was “heavy with negative aura” (nặng nề âm khí). In poetry, for instance, the verses of Vũ Hoàng Chương – Đinh Hùng, though sparkling with talent and intoxicating beauty, exuded the “heavy negative aura” of decay. The poetry of Vũ Hoàng Chương – Đinh Hùng represented the degeneration of the “yin” (âm tính) poetic current, a current that just a few years prior had contributed perfect collections to Vietnamese poetry. Within the scope of this topic, I will only refer to Hàn Mặc Tử’s Poetry (1937-1940) and Huy Cận’s Lửa thiêng (Sacred Fire, 1940) (I will explain later why I place these two works within the “yin” poetic current).

When speaking of revolution, I often recall the image of the “sun of truth” (mặt trời chân lý) in the familiar poem by Tố Hữu. For my generation, the August Revolution was a sun. The August Revolution dispelled the “heavy negative aura,” bringing sunshine and “yang energy” (dương khí) to literary life. Without the sunlight, there is no green. The light of the revolution brought the green of hope to literature. Dyeing a literature red is not difficult, but creating the “photosynthesis” of green for literature – that is the essential and long-lasting meaning of revolution for literature.

Having shed the “heavy negative aura,” from the autumn of 1945, our literature primarily developed as a “yang” (dương tính) literary current. We believe that the development of any literature is ultimately an integration of both “yang” and “yin” literary currents, even though at certain periods one current or another emerges as the mainstream.

“Yin” (âm tính) and “yang” (dương tính) are merely conventional qualifiers. We will attempt to highlight their most important differences.

“Yang” is materialistic philosophy, “yin” is idealistic philosophy. If philosophy is an important source of thought for literature, then the development of our literature has a “yang” tendency right from its roots. In our philosophical choice, we stand on a materialistic viewpoint. In our country, materialism developed for a long time, avoiding dialogue with idealist theories. In our philosophy textbooks, when mentioning these theories, we chose their weakest points, and moreover, these points were oversimplified, presented as absurd caricatures, thus it cannot be called “dialogue.” It can be said that philosophical activity in our country for a long time had a “homosexual love” (luyến ái đồng tính) character (in this section as well as in subsequent sections, we only speak of general tendencies; in reality, there are always and everywhere philosophical minds passionately researching idealist philosophy). By avoiding dialogue with idealist philosophy, our materialism easily became shallow, superficial, and “foolish.” Lenin once said that “wise” idealism is still better than “foolish” materialism. With such a philosophical foundation, literature found it difficult to possess profound and rich ideological content.

We continue to elaborate on the “yang-yin” opposition. “Yang” is rationalism. “Yin” is the acceptance of the irrational, the illogical, the fantastic – these are the laws of dreams, an essential part of human existence. Rationalism is a strength and a level of cognition, but a purely receptive adoption of European rationalism – lacking Eastern cultural capital – makes literature one-sidedly “yang.”

“Yang” is linguistic-logical thinking, discursive thinking (pensée discursive); “yin” is intuition, faith (understood broadly, not limited to religion), and metaphysical vibrations. Representative of discursive, linguistic-logical thinking in poetry is the type of poetry often called “ngôn thi” (discursive poetry). “Thần thi” (spiritual poetry) assumes “ecstatic” intuition, assumes “faith” or a devotion akin to faith… Spiritual poetry carries metaphysical vibrations. We understand Huy Cận’s “sacred fire” (lửa thiêng) and Hàn Mặc Tử’s mysterious dreams and luminous transcendence (yet still burning with endless and immortal sensuality)… these are metaphysical vibrations, and for human spiritual life, these vibrations are not superfluous, much less a luxury.

The above opposition can be supplemented by the opposition between “conceptual thinking” and “imaginative thinking.” Today, science has proven the asymmetrical functional nature of the two brain hemispheres. Broadly speaking, the specific function of the left hemisphere is “conceptual thinking,” linguistic-logical thinking; while the right hemisphere performs the function of imaginative thinking, artistic intuition. In terms of results, the activity of the left hemisphere creates “polysemous texts,” meaning texts that contain signs capable of evoking multiple meanings. Distinguishing functions and results as above, we believe that the left hemisphere leans towards “yang,” and the right hemisphere leans towards “yin.”

Some other points of opposition between “yang” and “yin” tendencies:

“Yang” is “steel quality” (chất thép); “yin” is “water nature” (tính nước) – according to the philosopher Cao Xuân Huy, this refers to softness, flexibility in behavior and cognition.

“Yang” is war; “yin” is peaceful life (“men for troubled times, women for peaceful times”). “Yang” is struggle; “yin” is the search for harmony, “agreement.”

“Yang” is current events, immediate reality, “the here and now”; “yin” is the haunting presence of eternal motifs, archetypes.

“Yang” is modern. “Yin” is past. It’s not just about the present state of human existence. When speaking of artistic present, one cannot fail to see – due to the achievements of 20th-century realism and the unique contributions of modernist schools – that the spectrum has expanded unprecedentedly from one extreme of naturalistic depiction (approaching naturalism) to the other extreme of abstract symbolism (to the point of mystery). As for the past – that is the root of the nation, of humanity, the childhood of every individual and of humankind with ways of thinking through “pre-linguistic” structures – the appearance of these structures in works of art should not be hastily concluded as a negation of rationalism.

“Yang” is the trend of secularization; “yin” is transcendence (or sublimation) and reverence for the sacred. Secularization means becoming more worldly, not shying away from the “profane” of human life and the “qualities” of people. Transcendence means “superhuman,” “worldly detachment,” overcoming the ordinary limits of human beings. “Stepping over the curse” is also transcendence [1]. True transcendence assumes reverence for the sacred, or more precisely, having the sacred to revere. “Still a bit of chastity remains…” (Chữ trinh còn một chút này…), striving to preserve that “sacred bit” (chút thiêng) – that is what remains sacred for a writer in dire straits. Only profound humanitarian inspiration can stir the “sacred” of patriotism and revolutionary heroism – this is an important literary experience of the past period. In classical literature, the sacred assumed the supernatural realm and the divine. In modern (atheistic) literature, the sacred resides within human conscience, in the “super-consciousness,” “super-ego” of humanity. Secularization and transcendence are two opposing trends. In modern literary works, the greater this tension, the deeper the aesthetic effect.

Other oppositions could also be listed. To conclude, we present an opposition that can be conventionally expressed as follows: “yang” is “politics,” “yin” is “culture.” The “political” perspective emphasizes the stance of one’s own group, such as one’s class stance, one’s national stance; “culture” is concerned with unity among different classes, among different nations. High politics is “cultured politics.” The “cultural” perspective ultimately leads to the human essence and universal human values. Marx established the scientific theory of class, and he held an extremely consistent class viewpoint in his research. However, regarding the development of the younger generation, Marx paid special attention to building a humanistic foundation with universal human significance.

The oppositions presented above aim to clarify our view on the “yang” and “yin” literary currents. In stating that our literature from 1945 to 1975 primarily developed as a “yang” literary current, we wish to emphasize the general trend; when considering individual works and authors, there are certainly cases of “yin-yang” harmony. The distinction between “yin” and “yang” does not imply a hierarchy of values. Both “yin” and “yang” are indispensable for the normal development of a literature. When “yin” is depleted, “yang” works become bare and dry. And in the “twilight,” it is difficult to find healthy, vibrant beauty. Moreover, between “yin” and “yang,” besides opposition, there is also a relationship of unity. For example, “steel quality” (yang) opposes “water nature” (yin); if steel can break rocks, many drops of water can also carve rocks. To create “yin-yang” harmony, one must have a dialectical conception of the “yin-yang” opposition. With a metaphysical conception, opposites can only exclude each other. A dialectical relationship recognizes the complementary, intermingling, interpenetrating, and mutually enriching relationship between opposites. Therefore, the dominance of a mainstream current is only relatively meaningful. A “yang” current being mainstream only means it is more prominent than the “yin” current, but it is not truly strong on its own – once it distances itself from the “yin” current, and vice versa. In literature, recognizing free competition among schools can create stylistic diversity. However, “yin-yang” harmony is the true source of literary richness. Without this harmony at its root, richness and diversity can be artificial.

The literary period from 1975 to the present is particularly important for future orientation. We will not discuss the literary achievements of this period. It has been 15 years now, but it is still too early to fully grasp the true value of the works born and the authors who gained attention during this period, a period rich in literary phenomena. I will only mention here the novels of Ma Văn Kháng, Lê Lựu, the poetry of Ý Nhi, Nguyễn Duy, the emergence of Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, and other young writers… What is particularly important in the past 15 years is the literary experience of both creators and the literary public; this is an awakening experience, clearly indicating a change in literary tastes and needs. In the initial shock of awakening, excesses and biases are inevitable, for example: excessive denunciation of the false, inadvertently offending the true, or a biased “new over old” approach in embracing the “new” emerging or arriving from the past. Setting aside all excesses and biases, what remains in everyone’s spiritual and aesthetic experience is the awareness of “yin-yang” harmony in literary life: the normal development of a literature cannot do without this essential harmony. Evidence of this awakening experience is the literary public’s joyful reception of outstanding works of “yin” poetry and music that have been revived and popularized (without denying another truth that somewhere, a “heavy negative aura” also lingers). When speaking of “yin-yang” harmony, we think of the complementary and intermingling relationship within the entire literature; as for authors, there is still recognition of different “temperaments”: some are “cold” (hàn), some are “hot” (nhiệt), some have “excessive fire” (hỏa thịnh), some have “deficient fire” (hỏa hư) (this is also an aspect to distinguish creative personalities). Perhaps in the coming period, the “yin” current will become mainstream, and the “yang” current will lose value and fade away? “Nourishing yin” (bổ âm) but still “connecting with yang” (tiếp dương) – overcoming the one-sidedness of the past literary period cannot neglect this outstanding dialectical thought of Tuệ Tĩnh: “yang follows yin for development, yin follows yang for creation” – I believe this is not a metaphysical thought.

Broadly speaking, the literary period from 1945 to the present can be called the period of socialist realism. From the 4th Writers’ Congress and onwards will be another literary period. It is very possible that in the 21st century, some scholars will call this period the post-socialist realism period. The name is not important. I believe that this period will worthily continue the previous one. With the experience of the past 15 years regarding the need for “yin-yang” harmony, our literature in this upcoming period will surely develop richly and diversely, bringing harmony to human souls and creating balance in the spiritual life of society and the nation.

 Source: Văn nghệ, Hanoi (special issue, April 1990)
[1] Bước qua lời nguyền (Stepping over the Curse) is the title of a short story by Tạ Duy Anh published in Văn nghệ weekly, No. 47, November 25, 1989.

WHO CAN FILL THE GAPS IN THE WRITER’S THOUGHT? – NGUYỄN HUY THIỆP

When I meet many writers in our country, I am often surprised by their disdainful attitude towards literary theory and criticism. I do not like this disdainful attitude, although their attitude can be explained.

Many people have asked me: “Is it true that you write from intuition?” Usually, I would just mumble a vague answer to let the matter pass. My interlocutor does not understand that only dogs, cats, sewer rats, shaggy rats, white rats, bugs, dogs, chickens, wolves – in short, animals, livestock, beasts… perhaps only they have the absolute freedom to do whatever they want; but if you are a social human, living in some institutional unit, you can forget about it! We are living in a bitter environment, full of restrictive prejudices. All our actions are directly controlled, indirectly controlled, and self-controlled. One should not be deluded, and I sincerely advise anyone daring enough to pick up a pen to always maintain a cool clarity of mind; a burning heart, that is another matter.

A writer, a creative person, must regard literary theory and criticism as their self-awareness. The scientific nature of a writer’s work lies precisely here. Only writers who are also “scholars” can hope to create masterpieces. A. Pushkin was brilliantly so. H. Balzac was painfully so. L. Tolstoy was flagrantly and methodically so. In the East: Vương Nguyên Mỹ, Thi Nại Am, La Quán Trung, Ngô Thừa Ân… were nonchalantly so.

I recall a disciple asking Confucius what he would do first if he were to participate in politics. Confucius frowned and grumbled: “The rectification of names must certainly come first.” I believe that is a brilliant idea.

Here, it seems the “rectification of names” for a writer is the entire spirit that creates the image of their work. In truth, I am also confused when expressing this idea. I mean that a writer must also write on a theoretical basis, a certain conception. V. Lenin once said: “Without revolutionary theory, there is no revolution.” That thought holds true for writers too. In some aspects, a writer can also be considered a revolutionary. A. Pushkin was so, N. G. Chernyshevski was so, Lu Xun was so, V. Hugo was so…

Building a theoretical system for creative work has many paths: What theory? How to theorize? All these are the true measure of a writer’s value. The object of literature is humanity. Literature is the science of humanity. I do not believe that writers who lack sound reasoning about humanity can write well. However, even among great writers, these “sound reasonings” are often fragmented, full of prejudices, and limited.

Eastern thinkers consider inherent goodness (tính bản thiện) as the fundamental core that forms humanity. This is profound not merely for its simple humanism. When people are born, they are at peace with themselves. This provides lifelong support. Perhaps, the condition for everyone to achieve the rectification of names is simply that, neither too much nor too little. All the refined traditions in Eastern education emphasize teaching children compassion and how to distinguish between righteousness and self-interest. To act righteously is the supreme command. To act without any personal gain, knowing it might not succeed but doing it anyway, knowing it might fail but still doing it; the outcome is fate, not money or fame. In fact, all fame is chilling. Folk wisdom – which is practical – measures fame in material units: “Buying fame costs thirty thousand.” Lao Tzu spoke of this more profoundly and subtly: “The Way that can be told is not the eternal Way; the name that can be named is not the eternal Name.”

Learning about writers and intellectuals in our country, I admire the intelligence, knowledge, charm, and humor of some. But when examining their biographies and works, I sadly realize that most do not transcend the state that the ancients called them “scholarly men skilled in writing.” Confucius, more strictly, called them “cuồng giản” (ambitious but superficial in their work). The limitation of these extraordinary individuals lies in the four words “bác văn ước lễ” (broadly learned but constrained by rites), meaning extensive learning summarized by propriety. “Propriety” (lễ) here is understood as the entire set of norms in human conduct within society, the best way of which must be concretized in material form. For a writer, that is an outstanding work, more than just a bedside book; the people call it a classic.

From antiquity, Aristotle in Greece and Mencius in China shared the common notion that “man is a political animal.” And speaking of politics, how can one not speak of “propriety”? The concept of “political animal” encompasses both the natural human and the social human. Understanding these two aspects of humanity and explaining their relationship is the primary task of literature.

When we agree with Aristotle and Mencius that we are merely political animals, then the theory of life, the theory of human existence, is essentially political theory. Splitting hairs (chẻ sợi tóc ra làm tư, làm tám), dividing theories of poetry, theories of prose, theories of purchasing cooperatives, theories of drama, whatever theories… all are but shadows and unpredictable transformations of political theory. Here, we need to consider with utmost delicacy a political concept free from prejudice. The best approach is to understand the thoughts of the ancients; this is more “proper,” although past political thoughts should not be considered as standards.

Most Eastern thinkers emphasize distinguishing between the “kingly way” (vương) and the “hegemonic way” (bá) in political systems. They believe that the kingly way is founded on morality and education, while the hegemonic way is built on force and pressure. Mencius once said: “He who uses force to feign benevolence is a hegemon; he who practices benevolence through virtue is a king.” In our era, democracy is kingly governance, terrorism is hegemonic governance. The kingly way is civilization, the hegemonic way is reactionary. The first criterion of civilization is tolerance and non-violence.

To implement kingly governance, a healthy economic foundation must be the primary factor. On this matter, over a hundred years ago, Nguyễn Trường Tộ said: “I believe that among the five blessings, wealth comes first… The way to make a country strong is to create much wealth.” Folk wisdom expresses this more charmingly: “With money, you can buy even a fairy; without money, you can’t even buy a comb.”

Thus, a democratic atmosphere combined with a healthy economic foundation are the bases for moving towards a kingly political system. Only a kingly political system can allow human nature to fully develop its compassion and altruism, rather than fully developing debauchery and/or oppressive government. Nor should we worry about where human nature, fully developed in society, will lead. It will only lead to good results. That is certain.

When human nature fully develops its goodness, it even has the potential to bring humanity into harmony with the universe: The people affirm: “The heart moves the spirits.” A. Einstein also expressed this in a different form when presenting his theory of relativity. The external world is truly a spiritual universe, and the concept of “man is a microcosm” in Western philosophy or “all things are complete within us” in Eastern philosophy both encompass this meaning. All extraordinary individuals have a firm conception of the universe, society, and humanity. From their political deductions, they build their own theories of lifestyle and work, suited to their temperament. When writers consider creation to be their destiny, then whether consciously or unconsciously, deep within them, a certain literary conception must form to suit it. Of course, I am speaking of true writers; for those “cuồng giản,” there is nothing to say.

I believe there is a kingly literary theory and a hegemonic literary theory. The literary theory of geniuses, of true writers, is the kingly way. I can name a couple of examples, including, of course, F. Nietzsche and Jean Paul Sartre. In our country, the literary ideas of Nguyễn Trãi, Nguyễn Du, Ngô Thì Nhậm… are the kingly way. As for who represents the hegemonic way, I leave it to the reader to discover.

Two hundred years ago, Diderot clearly stated: “The true, the good, and the beautiful are intimately linked.” That idea holds true for all valuable commodities, including literature. When Dostoevsky said: “Beauty will save the world,” he was merely speaking indirectly to the political system. A man like Dostoevsky had no illusions about vague beauty; his hope was in political beauty, the beauty of a specific political system. I have seen how tragically many writers and artists in our country misunderstand this idea of Dostoevsky, and how eagerly they pursue women. Dostoevsky never said: “Beauty is women.”

In Diderot’s statement, perhaps no further explanation is needed for “the true and the beautiful.” Too many works discuss it. But what about the good? What is good? That is truly difficult. Here, it seems the good is related to “harmony,” which in turn is related to nature.

When speaking of “natural human” and “social human,” understanding and explaining them, the writer is pushed into a perilous position between two forces: one is boundless creation, and the other is the prejudices, constraints, and rules of the contemporary political system. The most despicable among writers often disregard creation, disregard nature, trampling on human nature to seek fame and fortune within the immediate political mechanism. Younger writers are more naive, but consequently more foolish, enthusiastically believing in creation and nature, pointing their pens at society. I have seen that those wounded by such pens are often none other than their wives, children, and loved ones. It seems the genius of great writers lies in their ability, through their goodness and seemingly powerless pens, to draw the power of natural creation closer to the power of the contemporary socio-political system. To do this, a writer must not compromise with either of these forces; they must grow into a third force themselves. Creation is indifferent, just as the contemporary socio-political mechanism is also indifferent; it does not need male prostitutes, female prostitutes, and slaves, partly because it has too many prostitutes and slaves, and partly because prostitutes and slaves do not use ideological means but rather much simpler tools.

Ultimately, most writers belong to the category of failed idealists. Their pessimistic spirit reflects their helplessness when their aspirations are not realized. That’s fine. The melancholic beauty in famous literary works lives longer than human lives. I am very surprised that there was a time when literary theory and criticism in our country reacted harshly to the sorrows in literary works. A writer’s cheerfulness often only proves that the writer has unwittingly transformed into a political figure. They are surprised that such a strange game has befallen their fate. Indeed, those cheerful smiles sometimes look endearing, but a keen observer will notice the pity within them. The contemporary socio-political mechanism is so powerful that it can impersonate creation, transforming people without them even realizing it.

I am not as extreme as some who claim that writers are among the most progressive or humanitarian people in society. We will discuss the position and role of writers later. However, it must be acknowledged that great writers all possess qualities that make us look up to them.

Most brilliant writers must go through extremely difficult situations in their destinies. All desires come at a price. If a writer’s individual desires align with the desires of humanity, then the writer will be crowned with humanity. Conversely, if a writer’s individual desires are pathological, then pathology will give them a grand funeral.

In a writer, strength lies not in the writer themselves but in their readers. If we observe carefully, we will see adolescent girls, extremely virtuous and innocent, secretly reading trashy stories. The heroes of these young girls are not moral exemplars but rather some Don Juans. For men who are reckless and whose lives are full of unfortunate upheavals, their literary idols are moral exemplars. This is the paradox. This compels the writer to explain if they truly want to be a valuable writer of their time.

Where does a writer’s work begin? I think it must begin with studying the reader, or more accurately, studying the national psychology over a long period. On that basis, the writer prepares spiritual nourishment for their entire era. Only then will their work be a worthy one. The timeliness of a writer is significant here.

At this point, many will laugh at my extravagant idea because it is so elaborate that an individual would hardly have the means to accomplish it. Indeed! But I am certainly not advising anyone. Very few writers can do this. Those who can are usually thinkers, or, worse than thinkers, an aggregate of ambitious political figures with sharp cultural intellect.

It is also necessary to consider the role and position of writers in society to understand their work clearly.

I don’t know why, but I always imagine nations and countries as pilgrims on a journey to find truth. Some groups are disciplined and organized; others push and shove as they go. Phạm Duy’s feeling below is brilliant: “Behold, the people wander endlessly, on a difficult path etched against clouds and mountains.” In that wandering crowd, politicians have the task of organizing and leading the whole group. If I were to choose a position in this wandering crowd, with my timid nature, I would naturally walk at the very end, a stone’s throw behind the group. How the country has been led on the path of consciousness, development, and progress, full of bitterness and mistakes over the past 4000 years, can be clearly seen by simply opening a Vietnamese history book.

Unlike the West, Eastern political tradition has never adequately respected writers. Former emperors often only used writers and thinkers as strategists. That tradition has been preserved until now, and we always hear modern writers asking each other: “What scheme do you have these days, sir?” That is truly sad.

Setting aside the squalor of reality, picking out the luxurious fragments in a writer’s thought, nurturing them – that is progress. Humanity has moved inch by inch towards truth thanks to these golden grains of thought.

In our literary sphere, apart from a couple of truly outstanding individuals, generally speaking, the literature of our ancestors and contemporary writers, compared to many other nations, must be acknowledged as inferior. Yet, the title of writer is highly respected by the people, even overshadowing many political figures, obscuring the military ranks on flamboyant military uniforms of all eras. So, in that wandering crowd on the road, what kind of person must a writer be for everyone to respect them? I have thought much and realized that this can only be explained by the people’s love for truth. Speaking of truth, even brilliant writers sometimes speak incorrectly, but in fact, the writer’s task is not to speak the truth, but to awaken consciousness towards truth, or at least to awaken feelings about human dignity within them. A segment of the people even places hope in writers to lead and defend them when they are placed in awkward situations, when they are abandoned or oppressed by the contemporary political mechanism. Often in such cases, clever or incompetent writers merely point vaguely to the sky.

One of the great shortcomings of modern writers in our country is that they understand the Vietnamese nation and country deeply as artists, but not as thinkers. Furthermore, if they are to take any responsibility, they merely mumble evasively instead of standing up and taking responsibility for the people, for that entire wandering crowd on the road. All the above leads to tragic dramas in the fate and works of writers who lose their reputation. In fact, calling it “drama” is just to sound sophisticated; if we call the real situation by its true name, it is far more disgusting.

Understanding the nation as an artist is not without merit and is worthy of respect, but it limits the weight of literary works. I once amusingly witnessed a few drunkards walking on the street; when I asked any passerby who they were, they casually replied: “They must be artists!” I sensed profound pity in that statement. People understand that artists are harmless, kind-hearted individuals; their dissoluteness is merely because they suffer from too much inner pain.

Understanding the nation as a thinker requires a writer to possess extraordinary diligence, extraordinary courage, extraordinary willpower, and extraordinary endurance. The temptation of God in heaven and the temptation of the Devil in hell are both very alluring. Even the most talented writers sometimes try to please both God and the Devil. The danger of deception in literature lies here. It seems this is precisely where discerning literary critics must always be vigilant. In the history of our country’s literature, the entire nation has on several occasions been hypnotized by one or two mischievous children or a few shepherds with half-angel, half-devil literature. What can be done? It seems that some literary theorists and critics contributed to this. If these people were not despicable, they were certainly shortsighted.

Perhaps never before has the Vietnamese nation needed clear-minded writers as much as it does now. Only a few more years until 2000. We must soberly realize that the current state of our nation is tragic. I do not wish to speak of material deprivation but of their spiritual world. The heavy shackles of old, backward ideas cause millions of human lives to suffer. They wander aimlessly in offices and in devilish family organizations, in green bamboo hedges and in crowded apartment complexes. I have seen poverty, but I am not afraid. I have seen mistakes in work in many places, but I am not afraid. I am only afraid when people no longer respect each other, no longer possess courage, no longer possess honesty, and thus will not be able to find absolute love anywhere.

With my earnest desire, I believe that in the coming years, a series of excellent writers will emerge. The people are fed up with books preaching hypocritical morality. They are also fed up with cheap entertainment books and sensational books. Even books praising the national spirit in wars of national defense now seem out of place. The people need books that help them re-evaluate themselves. To achieve that is a great contribution of the modern writer. The people do not need writers to tell them “how to move forward”; they will find their own way. Moreover, we must also have faith in the clear-minded politicians who exist in every era.

Deep down, the essence of the people is atheistic. Emphasizing that atheistic nature on the pages of a book is like pouring oil on fire. A consciousness of upward-striving faith is different from superstition. I have seen how religious prejudices have debased the thoughts of writers in our country. Progressive writers do not support divine authority but also do not hold religious prejudices. A consciousness of faith, striving upwards, reaching for greatness, truth, beauty, absolute must be like glowing coals nurtured within a writer’s work.

Finally, as an art form, literature cannot disregard aesthetic value. On this matter, the classical masters have spoken very well. H. Balzac said: “Always strive for the sublime.” L. Tolstoy said: “Simplicity is an essential condition of beauty.” In our country, I think we must pay close attention to the element of precision in literary aesthetic values. Precision in the language of expression. Precision in the event itself. Precision in thought. Even precision in genre. Precision in the function of literature.

Our country’s literature has only formed for less than 100 years. The time has come for literature to take precise steps on its arduous journey. Precision is also one of the essential conditions of beauty.

Above, I have presented my superficial and hasty understanding of literature. There are countless gaps within it. And how many gaps are there in my own thoughts, who can fill them? What writer is not helpless before a blank page? Even the literary value of Truyện Kiều, which the genius Nguyễn Du only wished would “entertain for a few watches.” Literary value is often only mentioned when its author is no longer alive, when it floats, invisible like indeterminate smoke. Who fills the gaps in a writer’s thought? Who? Which person? Perhaps only nature. Nature will fill them with earth, as it has filled the graves of emperors or any nameless, ageless, homeless, careerless individual…

And people? When have people ever not been ungrateful? Courageous writers will never await the generosity of people. I only regret the limited lifespan of a writer, with so many storms, and such long dreams…

I write this essay with the belief that literature is truly useful and brings true joy to humanity. I also hold the belief that literature is a noble endeavor.

THE ARTIST AND SOCIETY-LAI NGUYEN AN


Recently, as the demand for comprehensive renewal in social and spiritual life has become urgent, numerous issues in arts and literature also require re-evaluation. How should the relationship between arts and politics be adequately understood? What is the position of arts in social life? How should creative freedom be conceived, and so on? Upon consideration, this is not merely a theoretical observation. In practice, whether the handling of issues, the proposal of policies, strategies, and specific measures can be appropriate and effective largely depends on the correctness of the theoretical understanding held by those who devise these policies, measures, and systems. At the very least, this is the practical significance of theoretical work, akin to performing a “socio-economic and technical feasibility study” for practical projects.

There is one aspect related to the aforementioned theoretical issues that, if adequately conceptualized, would undoubtedly clarify many other matters. In my opinion, this is the conception of the artist, the subject of literary and artistic creative activity.

For a long time, we have been accustomed to the organization of our society, according to which professional artists and writers were integrated into associations, and these artistic associations followed the general regulations of state agencies. Professional artists were primarily state cadres, civil servants on the payroll, receiving salaries like any other civil servant. When a writer had a somewhat established or promising creative track record, we would extend a gesture of goodwill, finding every way to help transfer them to an artistic agency to become a professional creator—though, in reality, they were first and foremost a salaried civil servant, with their actual creative output being a secondary concern. The positive aspect of this collective gesture is clear, as it created conditions for writers to develop and execute their major creative projects, especially those requiring significant mental and physical effort, and substantial intellectual and material costs (and this method of providing conditions was only effective if the actual salary ensured the material well-being of the creator, as was the case ten years ago or more). However, over time, practical experience has shown us the downsides of this “civil servant-ization” of artists. To become a great talent, one must make new discoveries and findings of one’s own, but the duty of a civil servant is to obey and execute, and even “creative” execution, with initiative, is ultimately still execution. Not everyone, once they became an “arts cadre,” immediately embarked on great works. Some advanced, becoming “leading officials,” seeking to entrench themselves there to enjoy benefits—from material benefits to the benefits of “praise and criticism based on rank” in critical opinion, the benefits of priority and preferential treatment in publishing newspapers, books, anthologies, etc. It is not uncommon for such “officials” to be hailed as aestheticians or theoreticians, when in fact they are merely pure administrative cadres, albeit managing in the “easily renowned” field of culture and arts!

Others, less “ambitious,” seemed to be “known” for their creative work, but the quality of their works was questionable, because talent, like beauty, is not equally bestowed upon everyone. Initial aptitude waned, talent did not promise much, but they survived through writing because there was a whole reservoir of “policy-serving” or illustrative creative topics readily available to them. To accuse them of opportunism, trend-following, or opportunism, etc., is often excessive. Their pens met certain demands, and they did so sincerely, as if fulfilling the duty of someone within an organization. The only difference was that those books did not contain the creative power of true talent, because their authors lacked that talent, that’s all. But there would come a time when that voluminous catalog of mediocre books and plays “by the same author” would become a powerful self-defense weapon—to demand benefits, awards, titles, salaries, apartment sizes, etc., and within the organization, such demands were not unfounded!

Of course, a certain quantity is needed for crystallization, for the selection of talent, concentrating on a few individuals. However, it must be acknowledged that the “civil servant-ization” measure has diminished (if not almost nullified) natural selection: in this “artificial” environment, not everyone is aware of the limits of their abilities and inclinations to be able to quit or change professions at the right time! In any literature at any given time, there are, of course, still crystallized talents, writers who embody deep reflection and bold exploration. But let’s consider what fate awaits such creative individuals when placed within tightly disciplined organizations, especially regarding freedom of speech. For a long time, major policies and ideas came “from above.” As subordinates, even writers were not allowed to “propose their own ideas.” The highest they could do was propose initiatives to implement existing ideas. Living in this “ideological subsidy” magnetic field, only those who illustrated existing ideas benefited. Those with many concerns and thoughts who wished to propose different ideas, different aspects—it turned out to be superfluous, moreover, dangerous! The greater one’s sensitivities and intellect, the more they differed from the mediocre minds around them, the more dangerous it became. For those around them and for themselves. The organization would impose appropriate disciplinary action, and they had their reasons. Consequently, after a major turning point, looking back, it was evident that arts and literature contributed too little to preparing for renewal, making creators both blameworthy and sympathetic. Blameworthy if judged by the demand for discovering historical truth: you are a writer, working in the field of social thought, you are the eyes, ears, and senses of society, yet you foresaw nothing, warned of nothing—that is indeed blameworthy! But sympathetic, because you at least knew your place, lived within order and discipline, said nothing to disturb people’s minds, did not commit sacrilege. If there is a slight blame, it is only because you recognized a few things but dared not report them “upwards” through organized channels, perhaps because you did not trust the honesty and dedication of the intermediate levels? But perhaps you are commendable, for ultimately demonstrating your loyalty! And loyalty, until now, remains almost the sole criterion (in action, not words) for evaluating cadres, including creative, cultural, and scientific cadres. (Ability is only spoken of, not truly taken into account; moreover, there have begun to be formalized ways of “counting” it, turning it into administrative procedures: a “friendly” diploma from a foreign country or from some council often carries more weight than actual ability).

Thus, alongside its positive effects, demonstrating the superiority of the system towards creative talents, the “civil servant-ization” measure for creators—adapted to the bureaucratic and subsidized mechanism—also revealed clear limitations, failing to promote the role of writers and artists in society. This measure was not without a conceptual basis, a theoretical foundation. To put it simply using an analogy, this concept viewed the artist as any soldier in a marching army, viewing society’s upward movement as a parade formation, marching in single file: the commander leads, the soldiers follow, superiors give orders, subordinates merely execute.

Of course, a concept that has been materialized in an entire practical mechanism, and that practice has existed for quite a long time in history, must have had a social basis, a basis in the level of “public intellect,” as someone might say. But what concerns us here is to place it within the spirit of renewal, within the spirit of democratizing social life. Renewing thinking here means forming a new consciousness on the issue at hand. And for this new consciousness to form, it is necessary to engage in dialogue, to compare it with the consciousness that was recently prevalent and had been thoroughly institutionalized. In every step forward, humanity must look back at the past, criticizing past experiences. If not needed for future progress, then the past will surely rest peacefully in the depths of oblivion.


Returning to the issue, how should we adequately conceive of the writer, of the artist in society?

We know that before us, before our organization of artistic and literary forces, for a very long time, there was still literature and art, there were still writers and artists. There were places and times, parts or the entirety of literary and artistic activities that were organized, managed, directly subsidized, and patronized by the contemporary government or state (for example, in our country, the “tao đàn” of Lê Thánh Tông, abroad, the “court theater” of classicism in 17th-century France…). Art here was not as tightly controlled as art “managed” by the medieval Christian church, but of course, it could not be as unrestrained as when it was a wandering troupe in markets and streets. More often than not, even in societies with states and strict institutions, this activity was “left adrift,” existing within society but not within the scope of state management. In the modern world, literary and artistic activities, like other cultural activities, have become social institutions, with quite complex structures (production, processing, reproduction, dissemination, etc.), but it is not always and everywhere directly managed and operated by the government.

Why is the above distinction necessary? Because history has shown differences in the nature of these two forms of artistic existence.

The official consciousness of an era belongs to the consciousness of the ruling state. With art forms or sectors tightly managed by the state, historical experience in the past shows that such art heavily imprinted the official consciousness. It was official art, where the artist’s creativity, if any, was primarily in form, in style, rather than in thought. Official, orthodox consciousness does not always coincide or conform with non-official currents of consciousness, whether popular folk consciousness or the consciousness of outstanding individuals in that society. The chance of alignment only occurs during historical crises: wars of aggression, social revolutions. In peaceful, stable times, there is always a certain divergence, a certain conflict between them. Official consciousness aims at maintaining and consolidating state power; it cannot possess the same degree of democratic spirit as other non-official currents of consciousness. Artistic consciousness, fundamentally, is non-official consciousness. Art is the breath of life, the cry, the song, the shout, the moan, the weeping rising from the depth and breadth of all contemporary humanity living, suffering, rejoicing, dreaming, longing in a certain national community at a certain time. It is not only broader than the scope of official consciousness but also carries more fully the developmental needs of society and humanity, and for that reason, it is more democratic, more progressive, more revolutionary than official consciousness. Official consciousness, of course, must exploit and utilize “non-official” artistic consciousness, attempting to assimilate it, in order to survive, to popularize and disseminate itself. But the separation between them can never be abolished. “Non-official” consciousness, including art, sometimes supports and backs official consciousness, at times as mentioned above, but often it “dialogues” with, or opposes, official consciousness, impacting it, imparting to it democratic, progressive, revolutionary elements, thereby pushing social consciousness forward.

The embodiment and crystallization of artistic consciousness are the outstanding artists of an era, of a nation.

In every nation, in every generation, there are outstanding young people who embark on the path of art. Why do they all not abandon that path when experience from generation to generation has taught them that more than 9 out of 10 of them will not succeed, will find nothing, neither glory nor the serene joy of “self-expression” of their personality? A scientist once suggested that this should be seen as an inexplicable “phenomenon”; perhaps it can be explained by likening it to schools of fish overcoming countless rapids to reach spawning grounds, countless dying along the way, simply following their inherent instinct for species preservation! No matter how strange the “motives” that drive such people to art, in the faces of those who reach the finish line, those who are selected, in their works, we always see the complete manifestation of the human essence, the human quality of the land from which they emerged as artists. Therefore, first and foremost, artists must be regarded as representatives of national culture, of the people’s conscience. Outstanding artists of the past confirm this definition, and we must demand the same from contemporary artists. They must exist primarily for the benefit of national culture, for the benefit and justice of the people. Only average artists fully conform to a single current of social consciousness, while great artists always embrace the interplay and conflict of all major and minor ideas of their contemporary society. No talented and discerning “court artist” ultimately fails to metaphorically or literally “climb over the wall” to become a singer of the people, to embody within themselves the intellect, character, and culture of their people, their nation, their era. To have great art, much work must be done, many things prepared, but ultimately, conditions must be created for great artists to emerge. And for great artists to exist, no matter how strong the desire to “manage,” there must be a “rein” wide enough for the unruly horse of talent to roam freely; it cannot be otherwise.

The emergence of great writers and artists is always both the result of the self-affirmation of uniquely talented creative personalities and the result of the “nomination,” affection, passion, and trust of various social publics within the national community. Any prohibition or obstruction to the publication and circulation of works harms the nation’s art. Of course, time will always restore genuine values.

But the prohibition, obstruction, or delay in publishing works always causes damage to both the formation and affirmation of talent, and to the general development of a nation’s literature and art. And the later the “restoration,” the more complex and sometimes undesirable consequences it entails.

There is a well-known saying: “The poet’s coffin is always full of flowers, while the tyrant’s grave is always stained with blood.” It is not always easy to explain the phenomenon of the public admiring, loving, and respecting talented artists, great cultural figures with strong character and unique personalities. The power of tribal chiefs, military leaders, etc., once created adoration and worship among the masses for outstanding leaders. But as the level of civilization, the level of “public intellect,” increases, the magic of such adoration and worship diminishes. It is no coincidence that in the Western Hemisphere for several decades now, as countries in this region were engulfed in the wave of liberation, there also arose an anti-dictatorial consciousness, to the extent that it became a major theme in literature, with outstanding works. Administrative power, with its essential coercive function, only needs to be sufficient to compel modern people to respect it, no longer expecting people to uniformly regard leaders as objects of worship.

Cultural and artistic values also have their “power,” their “magic.” They do not coerce but rely on the free and voluntary choice of the public. The public itself will choose, will “nominate” representative artists as objects of their admiration and reverence. (Commercial cultural media can exploit and manipulate this, but ultimately cannot maintain a foothold for false values). Why is there such selfless admiration and reverence from the public? Because, no matter how bizarre or unusual their forms, in exceptionally talented creative individuals, there is always clearly imprinted the highest level of personality development, the human freedom that that nation, that society, in that era, has achieved. Talent is a measure of the level of genuine personality development, a measure of the realization of human capabilities. Free personality development is the development of human potential and abilities. The tendency and need for personality development are inherent in every normal, healthy human being. But the level of free personality development is not achieved equally by all members of society. Only in great talents does the development of these talents reach its highest level, up to that point. Contemplating talent, every ordinary person feels joy and pride: look, people can do such wonderful things! The selfless contemplation of artistic talent often does not awaken an inferiority complex (as when worshipping powerful leaders) but rather awakens feelings of exhilaration, refreshment, and contentment. It evokes empathy, giving wings to souls not yet strong enough to fly on their own, because they suddenly feel they too have some hidden wings. In this regard, art is not a voice of comfort or pity from talent to those without talent; on the contrary, it is a voice that encourages and champions the feeling of talent, the feeling of capability. Latent capability, latent talent, as a “human constant,” is precisely what has been realized in those outstanding creative personalities. That is why an excellent artist is always the pride of a nation. It is not an exaggeration to call such individuals the conscience of the nation, the conscience of the era. The closer we get to the present, the clearer we see that “colors and banners” can bring honor to a country, a nation. But perhaps we have not fully realized that to have great cultural figures, especially in creative spiritual fields, requires investment and effort over many generations before the writers and artists of our nation can become common assets, common values of all humanity.

In reality, individually, talented people in culture, arts, and science are as vulnerable as anyone. Using administrative power to control and “suppress” them is too easy, even if it provokes the anger of their admirers. Individually, they often possess eccentricities, peculiar habits, and an “unruly” nature, making it even easier to find reasons to blame and punish them, in the name of the discipline of a tightly organized team. Not every artist dares to defend their beliefs and dignity to the end. Even in this elite circle of soul and intellect, we can easily find examples of adaptation—even cowardice and submission—rather than the opposite. However, the reality of cultural life in socialist countries over many years also shows that there have been times and places where individuals and elite creative intellectuals disagreed with the ruling party. Regarding this phenomenon, we often hear a one-sided explanation of the cause: due to the artist’s wavering petty-bourgeois stance. But recently, we have also learned that ruling parties themselves sometimes make mistakes in their policies and lines, and strong self-criticism is leading to reforms and renewals. So, what necessary precautions should be taken from now on to adequately handle such disagreements if they unfortunately occur? Surely, the experience of dealing with artists and writers will require much more distillation and summation. Perhaps, one of the key points here lies in choosing this concept: either, as before, treat artists as members whose sole duty is to obey and execute (through their artistic work), or consider them as representatives of their people’s conscience, as representatives of the human development needs of their era. In their capacity as “representatives,” their individual opinions deserve to be heard, because behind those opinions, there will inevitably be a sign, a “symptom” of the people’s mood, a “self-defense reflex” of national culture, a demand for human development. We have been and are learning more about events that confirm the importance of “artistic sensitivity” in social life. It turns out that, although they no longer appear as ragged minstrels proclaiming vague “prophecies” that awaken fear and anxiety, they are still among the first to speak out about dangers: whether a social crisis and calamity within a certain country, or threats hanging over all humanity: nuclear war, ecological destruction, etc. These “ear-splitting, mind-confusing” cries can certainly be silenced by administrative power. But the calamity, if real, will still draw near. One cannot kill the messenger to eliminate bad news, or drive away the ragged minstrel to erase haunting prophecies. The most “civilized” attitude is to demand that these individuals bear the highest responsibility for their predictions.

Nurturing cultural and artistic talent is very unlike training fighting cocks. While generous preferential policies are always better, excessive pampering, the method of “isolating and feeding separately”—if achievable—is not beneficial for culture and art. Exceptional artistic talent emerges from the people, connected to the rich, vibrant, and suffering multifaceted life of the national community, creating itself to be chosen and nominated by its own people as their representative spokespersons, individuals whose development of talent and personality is precisely the measure of the highest human development in their society, their people, their nation, their era. Therefore, conditions for the development of talent, for the formation of great artists, can only be created when conditions for the free development of personality are truly fostered on a widespread scale throughout society, throughout the entire national community. And that is precisely the humanitarian ideal that Karl Marx once proclaimed.

 Source: Sân khấu (Journal of the Vietnam Stage Artists Association), Hanoi, No. 2-1988

THE ARTIST- LE NGOC TRA


A true artist, in a certain sense, is a spiritual type of Jesus. He must feel the pain of society, the pain of human life, and from that, raise his voice to express the common suffering of humanity.

Suffering and hardship occupy half of human existence. Pain, therefore, easily becomes the common language of humanity. The widespread appeal of the image of Jesus, in part, lies precisely in the afflicted life of that preacher.

An artist may live as materially comfortable as anyone else, but he does not have the right to suffer and agonize less than others. The pain of life is one of the most fundamental characteristics of an artist’s soul. That is why poets are often seen as those who lament and weep for hire. Thúy Vân laughed at her sister, “how she had tears aplenty to weep for people of old,” when standing before the tomb of Đạm Tiên, also for this reason: Thúy Kiều was not merely a beautiful woman but also an artist—composing poetry “like hands shaping wind and rain” and playing the zither sounding like the vast sky and wide rivers.

In life, to be distressed by tragic circumstances is natural, everyone is like that, there’s nothing to say about it, just as there’s nothing strange about feeling joy in front of beauty. An artist is different from others in that where others suffer once, he suffers twice; where others feel little joy, he feels much, and even feels sorrow amidst joy. For what joy is not linked to loss, and what happiness, no matter how great, is truly eternal? Not to mention that the joy brought by beauty is always accompanied by the sadness of human powerlessness to reach ideals, to achieve perfection. Beauty, perfection, is infinite, boundless, while human life is merely a “tiny human realm.” From this arise longing and sorrow. The joy and sorrow associated with that ideal are twin siblings, constant companions on every creative path. To say that art is the sorrow of beauty is precisely in this sense.

Artists are not inherently different from ordinary people (M. Gorky: “Man is by nature an artist”). This explains why everyone can connect with art, can read stories, listen to music, view paintings. But from an ordinary person to a true artist is a significant distance, which sometimes seems fragile on the surface but is not easily overcome. Some write literature or poetry merely due to a slight aptitude for words, while their intellect and soul are nothing special. Their works are primarily prose or verse interpretations of generic thoughts and facile emotions. Others possess genuine literary talent but create mainly with their minds, with intellect. Reading their work, one perceives the intelligence of the times more than the richness of life, the love, and the torment of the writer about what they observe. Still others write only with their hearts, with innocent emotions, with sincere feelings. Their works easily move people but often lack breadth, philosophical depth, a touch of the metaphysical to give them enough vitality to endure through time and years.

True literature genuinely demands both talent and soul, both intelligence and compassion, both emotion and contemplation that transcends time and history.

Artists have a happiness greater than others: they engage in the freest kind of labor—creative labor, working out of inspiration rather than compulsion, fixed hours, or procedures. It is no coincidence that K. Marx dreamed of a future society where everyone is a Raphael [1]. But in return, the artist must expose their soul to the pain of life, must taste the bitterness of every failure, every time their pride is deeply wounded, to the point of wanting to abandon their profession, to lay down their pen. Artists enjoy joys that ordinary people do not. But they also shed tears that the world does not see, and bear wounds that ordinary people do not have to endure.

That is the happiness and the pain of those who commit themselves, of creators. It is always thus, in every era. Artists are neither better nor worse than others, but their glory and bitterness are perhaps greater than most. Because a true artist is always a creator, one who commits.

To speak of an artist is to speak of talent, which is commonplace. How can one be an artist without being more talented than others? This talent is always seen, admired, and praised by people. But to say that talent is also “tình” (compassion, empathy, soul) is not immediately recognized by everyone, although that is precisely the core of genius, of the artist.

With a special sensitivity to the fragility of beauty, to individuality, to the right to live, and the democratic freedom of each human being, the artist maintains a complex relationship with the politician. When politics aligns with conscience, they are companions; when politics tramples on conscience, they are adversaries. This is evident to all. But even when politics pursues a noble goal, the writer is still different from the politician. And despite their differences, both are necessary for society, because life always needs diverse voices. Not all differences lead to mutual annihilation; on the contrary, they can complement each other to balance society, to make politics more humane, and literature broader and more truthful.

When asked why Lenin admired M. Gorky, the famous Soviet writer M. Saghinian, who wrote many works about Lenin, stated that Lenin admired M. Gorky because Lenin “needed M. Gorky vitally.” She continued: “Anyone who thinks that in the correspondence with Gorky, only Lenin taught Gorky and only Lenin unilaterally needed Gorky is gravely mistaken. If you read every word in these letters carefully, you will feel how essential a bewildered, yielding Gorky, a stubborn, sensitive, brilliantly talented Gorky was to Ilyich (i.e., Lenin), who was pondering their friendship, pondering the answers of a man who seemed unlike him, different from him, alien to him—the politician needs the artist as much as he needs air, bread, as the right hand needs the left…”

Not everyone who wields a pen, presses a camera shutter, or holds a brush is an artist. Only when you dedicate your entire life to art, shunning all political strife, feeling the pain of life, tirelessly seeking beauty and spiritual values, only when your work is as essential to life as air and bread, only then are you truly worthy of that title.


[1] K. Marx refers to the ideal of a society where individuals can freely develop their talents, like Raphael, the painter.

THE HUMAN ISSUE IN LITERATURE BY LE NGOC TRA


Our era is paying special attention to the “human factor.” Human-centered policy is becoming a cornerstone of the revolutionary path in socialist countries. The happiness and well-being of the people, social democracy, and individual freedom are the burning goals of our country’s revolution today. In this context, correctly re-evaluating the relationship between literature and human beings is a theoretical issue with urgent practical significance.

“Literature is anthropology” (M. Gorky). This statement is often repeated many times in literary theory textbooks. However, the issue of literature and human beings has almost never become a central theme in our discussions and seminars.

For a long time, the focus of researchers, critics, and to some extent, even creative circles, was the relationship between literature and politics. “Serving politics,” directly participating in the Party’s revolutionary cause, responding to immediate political slogans and tasks—that was the fundamental mission of our literature for the past few decades. Thanks to the great cause of the nation, thanks to the absolute faith of the writers, our revolutionary literature produced fine works whose value lay primarily in their idealism, heroic inspiration, and the artist’s sincerity. In those circumstances, writers were only able to primarily focus on the collective rather than the individual, and therefore, the issue of human fate did not receive its deserved position in literature. We still encountered human beings, but mostly they were the collective man, the mass man, the people’s man, rather than individuals with their unique destinies. Writers often concentrated on expressing human determination, will, and strength, but did not fully portray its richness, including its loneliness and weakness—the loneliness in glory and power, even in moments of happiness; the loneliness of all seekers, of those who dare to think, create, speak honestly; and weakness, which is not always just a manifestation of cowardice but also a sign of beauty, of a gentle, rich soul.

Under those same conditions, our literature had to primarily focus on extensively reflecting reality, beautifully recording the great changes in life. Consequently, although human fates were depicted, they were not yet at the center of the work. The motto “literature reflects reality” mainly directed writers towards reflecting the new life and the new man, rather than the entire reality of life and human beings. The basic requirement for works was first and foremost socio-historical content, reflecting various aspects of life’s activities: production, combat, collectivization, industrial-commercial reform, economic management, and so on. Human beings were not absent here. But here, human beings were hidden behind events and movements; they had not yet appeared on the forefront (avant-scène) of reality. Instead of depicting history through human beings, human beings became a means to present history. As a result, as years passed and these movements faded, to be replaced by others, such “realistic” works left little for later generations beyond a faint socio-historical atmosphere.

It is strange that despite highly emphasizing the task of reflecting reality, our literature still has too few works that achieve profound realism in depicting life and human beings. How should this be explained? Is it perhaps because, in emphasizing the task of reflection, we primarily required literature to reflect the new (“new life, new man”), that which tended to triumph (“in the process of revolutionary development”), rather than the entire reality? Is it perhaps that reflection here was primarily for motivation and propaganda, rather than aiming to comprehend the entire truth, the entire reality of life with its laws of historical development, with all its light and shadow, gains and losses, with all its complex contradictions and conflicts, often painful, tragic, leading to so many breakdowns? Is it perhaps precisely for this reason that not a few works lacked the spirit of social analysis and the study of human beings, which are the most essential core of realism?

In revolutionary literature over the past few decades, the limitation of the theme of human fate had its objective reasons. Understanding these objective reasons also reflects our empathy towards history. One would think that no one genuinely and ardently committed to the cause of renewal would be so careless and ungrateful to the past as to overlook this. However, understanding the constraints of circumstances does not mean we have no right to evaluate history. Some worry that re-evaluating history will lead to denying revolutionary achievements, and speaking of past mistakes will lead to denying the past. But that is merely a state of being overly worried or afraid of renewal. Because in history, there are things that cannot and should not be denied; they are a concrete manifestation of absolute truth, of common values, not to mention that a part of our own flesh and blood is in them.

However, in history there are also temporary values, even false values, misconceptions, or errors. They were created due to the demands of a specific circumstance, immediate requirements, or incorrect human perception. Therefore, when social reality changes, when that specific historical circumstance passes, and when human understanding matures, it is imperative to re-analyze what was good and bad in the past, in theory, and in practice.

For example, for quite a long time, literature was primarily defined as thinking through imagery. Imagery became the most basic characteristic distinguishing art from non-art, literature from science, and politics. This theory hindered researchers from deeply exploring the characteristic content of literature and thus prevented a full understanding that human beings, with all their natural and social life, their fate and existence, are precisely the object and also the most basic characteristic content of literature.

This shortcoming has, to some extent, left a regrettable trace in creative practice; human beings and their fates did not receive an appropriate position in works. Instead, various political, social, and historical contents were often idealized and illustrated by artistic images. The result was that many works, though rich in imagery, still gave the feeling of lacking something like true literary essence; they could construct character images that walked, talked, and laughed, but without clearly revealing fates, lives full of joy and sorrow, or unfinished stories.

Literature is anthropology. But there was a time when people were very hesitant to speak of “human nature” or humanism in literature. Even today, in our literary theory textbooks, humanism has not yet become a category of literary study alongside concepts that have long received much attention, such as class character, party character, popular character, national character, and international character.

This was a consequence of an incomplete understanding of literature’s characteristics and, especially, the psychology of fearing that speaking of “humanity” would lead to “revisionism” or the concept of “abstract bourgeois human nature.” Indeed, for a time, many believed that “politics is supreme,” that class permeated every corner of life, penetrating human beings from head to toe, as if all human suffering was linked to class injustice, to reactionary politics; even love, whether for a flower or a person, was considered to have a class character. This extreme, vulgar, and sometimes harsh application of the class viewpoint somewhat withered the humanist current in our literature. It both obscured the beautiful humanitarian values of past and foreign literature and hindered writers from expressing what was hidden in the “tiny human realm” of human beings.

Now, we are gradually understanding more correctly: life is broader than politics, human beings are broader than class human beings, the spiritual world of human beings and their class consciousness are not one and the same, revolutionary art is not solely created by the proletariat, workers, peasants, and soldiers, and not everything written in a work, not all form and content, can be reduced to political viewpoints or class stance. Correctly understanding the relationship between life and politics, human beings and class, is one of the conditions that will make our literature richer and more attractive.

Reality shows that the public today cannot forever read only works with political, class struggle, and revolutionary themes. Readers have a great need for works that express human happiness or fate, altruism, faithful love, or worldly greed and betrayal. It is no coincidence that recently people flocked to buy and read novels by Ho Bieu Chanh, watched the video film Pham Cong Cuc Hoa, and every evening waited to watch dozens of episodes of the Brazilian film “Isaura the Slave Girl” on the small screen. There is an issue of taste and level here, but the fundamental factor remains the public’s need for an aspect of the human theme in art. People do not live by politics alone, but mostly by human relationships, by ethics, culture, and customs. Works that carry these contents are often easily accessible to the broad public.

However, from this, one should not think that writing about human beings now is mainly about ethics, emotions, or exploiting difficult circumstances and troublesome situations in life. Literature that criticizes bad habits and evokes sympathetic tears has existed for a long time and will remain with humanity forever. But it is not all of humanism, nor all of the content of literature about human beings. Literature, especially literature that has entered a truly mature stage, not only expresses love, indignation, or pity for human beings but also serves as a field of observation and exploration of human beings.

“Man is a mystery,” Dostoevsky wrote, “one must explore man… I study that mystery because I want to be a man” [1]. Literature is an important means to help human beings become human because it unveils human secrets, helps human beings understand more about themselves, become richer, and partly from understanding oneself, from one’s own richness, one understands more about the world, the richness of the world.

Today, for literature, there is not only the issue of good and bad or right and wrong, but also the issue of the depth of perception. Art must make human beings more benevolent and affectionate, but it must also make human beings more diverse, rich, experienced, and knowledgeable. That is why we see that in art, alongside traditional categories such as the sublime, the beautiful, the heroic, the tragic, and the comic, other categories have gradually appeared: the romantic, the lyrical, the ugly, the vulgar, conflict, the absurd, and so on.

Quite a few literary works in our country often tend towards styles of praise, affirmation, love, or criticism. That is, they still fall within the framework of traditional humanism. This tendency is evident both in works written about the “new man” in the past and in those written about the “negative man” today. Literature describing negative characters has indeed made the picture of reality more comprehensive, and notably, it demonstrates the writers’ character and courage, contributing effectively to the cause of renewal. However, many works of this type mainly condemn and expose, rather than setting the task of studying human beings, exploring the spiritual world of individuals to help them become richer and stronger, understand themselves, and be more confident.

It should also be added here that the shortcomings of many works in depicting human beings over time partly stem directly or indirectly from an incomplete understanding of socialist realism, such as the description of life “in its revolutionary development,” as a creative method where the issue of the “new man” and “positive character” was almost everything. The formula of socialist realism was incorrectly absolutized. The revolutionary nature of development as a dialectical category was often rigidly interpreted, leading to a “rose-tinted” writing style, a one-sided description of life’s progression, and the complexity of human beings.

Ultimately, the new (new life, new man) or the process of revolutionary development are primarily moral or political categories. True literature, though not separate from politics and morality, is also not a means to preach morality or propagate politics. In its highest form, it is moral repentance and political self-awareness. Therefore, the object of a writer’s observation and description is not primarily just the new man, but human beings in their entire complex psychology, with all the new and the old, the good and the bad, with pure love as well as all their errors and credulity. Leo Tolstoy once said: “One of the greatest delusions in judging people is that we call and define this person as intelligent, that person as stupid, this person as good, that person as evil, one as strong, one as weak, while human beings are all: all those possibilities, something that is always changing” [2].

In “studying” human beings, in building positive or negative characters, the most important thing is still the writer’s subjective perception and ideals. For literature, it is often not about describing victories but pondering defeats; not about describing positive archetypes but portraying ordinary, even vulgar, hateful people that can be extremely meaningful. Epic inspiration, heroic inspiration, as overarching dominant inspirations, belong only to the literature of a certain historical period, a special social circumstance. Today, writers have the right not only to describe the new man with heroic inspiration but also to fully present their perceptions and discoveries about human beings with all different inspirations based on a noble ideal of humanity.

It is time to definitively end the notion that anything written about human evil and shortcomings, pain and loss, personal tragedy and happiness, irrational joys and sorrows, seemingly trivial conflicts within the family are miscellaneous, petty, inferior to grand themes of production and combat, even unprofitable, unworthy of the revolutionary cause. Yes, that is not all literature. But at the same time, that is precisely literature, because that is also human. “Homo sum, et nihil humanum a me alienum puto”: I am human, and nothing human is alien to me [3]. And what is not alien to “me” will also not be alien to literature.

Currently, the task of depicting human beings in our literature poses new requirements for writers.

First and foremost, the human issue must become one of the central issues of literature. A work may not have human characters, but it must be a story about the human realm. A writer may write about factories, cooperatives, or construction sites, but their main concern here should not be labor productivity, product quality, or management mechanisms, but human relationships, human happiness, love, bitterness, or meanness, the values and humanism of life. The “overload” situation of literature, caused by it having to carry too many other contents, should not continue indefinitely. In a simple sense, literature is the joys and sorrows of human life, a contemplation on gains and losses, a recollection of the past, dissatisfaction with the present, and premonitions of the future, and a deep reflection on human existence in relation to society, nature, and the cosmos. These are the fundamental and enduring themes of literature.

Literature is truth. And the main truth of literature is truth and human beings. For many years, our literature has been indebted to life for the truth. The truth about Vietnamese farmers amidst the storms of revolution and war, about soldiers across three generations carrying guns to fight the enemy on all kinds of battlefields with so much glory, sacrifice, and loss, about the serious cadre whose salary was not enough to eat, about the revolutionary intellectual with patriotism and naive misunderstandings, with dedication, passion, and many torments. Today’s writers must repay that debt to life.

While writing about human beings, alongside works imbued with traditional moral inspiration and rich emotional color, our literature needs to transcend to produce works aimed at exploring human “secrets,” creating new portraits of the character types of contemporary Vietnamese people. In particular, it is necessary to have works that deeply portray the inner world and spiritual life of human beings. Our century is the century of analytical thinking. The “introverted” nature, complex psychological development, depth, and richness of conscious and unconscious processes are the spiritual characteristics of modern human beings. This spiritual world itself is also a reality. The spiritual life and capacity of each individual also have their own fate and therefore also need to be deeply recreated in literature.

Often, most of our writers have only focused on portraying typical social features, ups and downs in life, or the character’s journey, rather than building spiritual fates or expressing the life of consciousness itself, of human aspirations and inner quests. This is not a matter of describing character psychology but fundamentally a matter of humanism, a concept of human beings. The majority of writers have mostly paid attention to the emotional life of human beings as well as the emotional impact of the work. However, inner liberation and development, the world of consciousness and unconsciousness, and the spiritual capacity of human beings have not been fully portrayed. From this, it is easy to understand why in many works we often encounter troubled love stories, happiness or the pain of poverty, material hardships, tragic circumstances, unfortunate risks in life that easily bring tears, rather than rarely seeing spiritual joy or pain, the arduous path of talent, of human consciousness in the pilgrimage for freedom, truth, and justice. There is a need for more works that, when read or watched, not only evoke pity and tears but also cause agony and thought to understand, not just to become better but also richer and smarter. This is a very urgent issue for theater, cinema, as well as literature today.

Finally, an extremely important requirement for art today is how it can become an effective means to help form human personality and individuality, strengthen the awareness of dignity and boundless creative freedom of each person living in society. That is literature’s strength and also its sacred duty to contribute to the process of democratization. Because perhaps nowhere is human freedom as vast and absolute as it is here (in literature), nowhere is the imprint of the individual, personal character, as strong as it is here, nowhere is human goodness as great as it is in literature. Perhaps only in art does the seemingly small individual truly gain meaning; the joy of one person can become a song that flies across the world, just as private pain becomes the pain of humanity. Perhaps only here are human beings counted not by hundreds or thousands, but by units, each life compared to the universe, and each person who passes away is like a whole world lost, irreplaceable.

The characteristic of literature is the individual, human fate. This is precisely why it has a special advantage in awakening individual consciousness, making society see that human beings are not a blind crowd, tools, and means in the hands of politics, but subjects of history; that human happiness, freedom, and development are the ultimate goal of all revolutions. A literature deeply imbued with humanism and humanitarianism will significantly contribute to the analysis of social democratization, make political activities in life healthier, and promote social progress, because the fate and freedom of the individual are closely linked to the destiny and freedom of society as a whole. “The free development of each is the condition for the free development of all” (K. Marx) [4], because socialist revolution, ultimately, is the aspiration for individual self-liberation, and communism, as stated in the manifesto of Marx-Engels, is the embodiment of humanism: “In the name of the true human personality, the personality of the worker, trampled upon by the ruling classes and their state, Marx-Engels demanded not self-reflection, but struggle for a better social organization” (V. Lenin) [5].

Struggling for a better society — for true socialism, for democracy and openness, for renewal — is also a revolution in the name of and for human beings. Therefore, where one stands in this struggle is a painful test, a measure of one’s understanding of literature, one’s conception of human beings, and indeed the very character of those who are writing today.

Source: Lý luận và văn học (Theory and Literature), Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1990, pp. 51-65.


[1] F. M. Dostoevsky. Letters (Russian), Moscow, 1930, Vol. 2, p. 550.
[2] L. Tolstoy. Complete Works (Russian), Moscow, 1953, Vol. 53, p. 185.
[3] Famous quote from the play Heauton Timorumenos (The Self-Tormentor) by Terence – Roman playwright of the 2nd century BC.
[4] K. Marx and F. Engels. Works (Russian), Vol. (volume number not specified in original text).
[5] V. Lenin. Complete Works (Russian), Vol. 29, p. 289.